Odor

1
Odor

• Has insignificant effects on the global or
  national environment
• Has major effects on the local environment
• Nearest dwelling
• Greatest source of nuisance complaints
• Operations of nuisance
  complaints from odor
• Swine
  95
• Broiler
  75
• Layer
  66
• Beef feedlots
  50
• Sources
• Animal buildings and lots
• Manure treatment and storage
• Land application
• Silage
• Feed processing
• Dead animal disposal
• Difficult to define, quantify, and control
• Odor composed of 331 compounds in manure
• 30 compounds most common in swine manure

2

• Most objectionable compounds in manure
• 
  Odor threshold
• ___Class___ ___Compound___
  ____Smell_____ ____ppm____ Substrate
  
• Volatile fatty Butyric acid
  Rancid butter .001
  Carbohydrate
• Acids Isobutryic acid
  Rancid butter -
  Protein
• Caproic acid
  -
  - Carbohydrate
• Isocaproic acid
  -
  - Protein
• Valeric acid
  Putred fecal -
  Carbohydrate
• Isovaleric acid
  Stinky feet -
  Protein
• Propionic acid
  Intense vinegar 20.0
  Carbohydrate
• Phenylpropionic
  acid - -
  Protein
• Lauric acid
  -
  - Carbohydrate
• Acetic acid
  Vinegar 1.0
  Carbohydrate
• Ammonia and Ammonia
  Acrid 46.8
  Protein
• Amines Amines
• Putrescine
  Rotting flesh -
  Protein
• Cadaverine
  Rotting flesh -
  Protein
• Trimethyl amine
  -
  .00021 Protein
• Trimethyl pyrazine
  - -
  Protein

3

• 
  
  Odor threshold
• ___Class___ ___Compound___
  ____Smell_____ ____ppm____ Substrate
• Sulfur-containing Hydrogen sulfide Rotten
  eggs .0072 Protein
  TM
• Compounds Dimethyl sulfide
  Rotten eggs .001
  Protein TM
• Diethyl sulfide
  -
  - Protein TM
• Methyl mercaptan
  Skunk .002
  Protein TM
• Ethyl mercaptan
  Skunk .001
  Protein TM
• Common divisions used in discussing odors
• NH3
• H2S
• Volatile organic compounds
• No single chemical has been identified as a good
  indicator of odor
• Difficult to control odor by any single approach

4

• Measurement of odor
• Gas measurement
• Air samples are collected and analyzed for
  specific, individual gaseous compounds
• Measured with
• Patches
• Indicator tubes
• Meters
• Electronic sensors
• Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer
• Advantages
• Accurate measure of individual gases
• Allows for specific numeric standards
• Useful for measuring gaseous compounds with
  specific health effects
• Limitations
• Manure odor is not associated with any single
  compound

5

• Olfactometry
• Odors are measured by a trained panel of humans
• May be measured
• On location
• Scentometer
• Field sniffer
• In laboratory
• Dynamic, triangular forced-air olfactometer
• Characteristics to describe odor
• Concentration
• Detection threshold
• Volume of normal air needed to dilute odor
  sample to
• the point where the difference is detected by
  50 of the panel members
• Recognition threshold
• Volume of normal air needed to dilute an odor
  sample to the point that the panel can recognize
  the compound
• Intensity
• Describes the strength of the odor relative to
  different concentrations of n-butanol
• Persistence
• Amount of air needed to dilute air around a
  livestock unit to the point where the odor is not
  smelled

6

• Hedonic tone
• Measurement of the unpleasantness of an odor
• Scale of measurement is 1 to 10
• Character descriptors
• A description of the smell
• Advantages
• There is a direct correlation between odor and
  the sense of smell
• Measures the complete mixture of gases
• Limitations
• Olfactometry is subjective
• Imprecise
• Difficult to regulate

7

• Health effects of odors
• Within buildings
• Toxicity of two compounds
• Ammonia
• Hydrogen sulfide
• Ammonia
• Concentrations, ppm Exposure
  ________Effects____________
• 20 -
  Decreased disease resistance
• 50 lt 1 day
  Eye and throat irritation
• 
  Severe cough
• 100 6
  weeks Impaired pulmonary function
• lt150 lt 1
  day Scarring of upper and lower airway
• 500 30
  min Sore nose and throat
• lt1000 -
  Irritation of upper respiratory
• 
  tract
• gt4000 -
  Severe damage to upper and
• 
  and lower respiratory tract
• 5000 lt 30
  min Death
• Smells at 50 ppm

8

• Hydrogen sulfide
• Most dangerous of gases
• Colorless
• Can be smelled at 1 ppm, but concentrations gt 150
  ppm inhibits smell
• Makes H2S particularly dangerous
• Requires monitoring equipment
• Gas is heavier than air
• Concentrates in pits and holding tanks
• Dangerous when agitated
• Acute toxicity
• Concentration, ppm Exposure Human
  effects Swine effects
• 100 gt 1 hr
  Eye and nose irritation None
• 200 1 hr
  Headache, dizziness -
• 375 4 hr
  -
  Pulmonary edema
• 500 30 min
  Nausea, excitement, -
• 
  insomia
• gt500 -
  Severe pulmonary edema -
• 1000 -
  Unconsiousness, Spasms,
  convulsions
• 
  death
  cyanosis, death

9

• Effects of H2S on lungs are uniform throughout
  the respiratory tract
• Particularly damaging to deep pulmonary
  structures, causing edema
• Toxicity effects
• Binds mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase
• Blocks oxidative phosphorylation and ATP
  production
• Causes build up of lactic acid in body
• Neurophysiological abnormalities
• Impaired balance
• Impaired hearing
• Impaired memory
• Impaired mood
• Impaired intellectual function
• Workplace limit
• 10 ppm H2S

10

• Community effects
• Response to NH3, H2S, and VOCs
• Symptoms
• Headache
• Runny nose
• Sore throat
• Coughing
• Diarrhea
• Burning eyes
• Negative mood (Tension, depression, anger,
  fatigue, confusion)
• Odor recommendations
• Based on dilution ratio of clean airair from
  livestock operation
• Odor shall not exceed a 71 dilution at a
  residence in two periods/day for more than 7 days
  per year
• Odor shall not exceed a 151 dilution at the
  property line for one period/day for more than 14
  days per year
• Factors affecting odor complaints
• Frequency of problem
• 86 of farmers tolerate neighbors odor if
  problem occurs gt 2 days/year
• 50 of farmers tolerate neighbors odor if
  problem occurs gt 10 days/year
• Intensity of problem

11

• Origin of livestock odor
• 
  Odor compound
• Large intestine Carbohydrates
  
  Protein
• (Starch,
  cellulose) Volatile fatty acids
• 
  (Acetic, Propionic, Butyric
  acids
• 
  may be absorbed or excreted)
• 
  
• 
  H2S and mercaptans
• 
  (Passed as gas)
• 
  Other amines, phenols, and
• 
  indoles (Absorbed from LI
• 
  excreted in urine)
• Manure Carbohydrates
• (Secondary
  Volatile fatty acids and alcohols
  Protein
• fermentation Lactic acid
• greater at
  Butyric acid
• Manure pH gt 4.5
• High manure moisture
  NH3, H2S, mercaptans, branched

12

• Livestock management to reduce odors
• Reduce excessive protein feeding
• Reducing protein swine diets from 18 to 14
  reduced odor components by 40 to 86
• Nonruminants
• Balance essential amino acids to create ideal
  dietary protein with crystalline amino acids
• Use multi-phase and split-gender feeding
• Avoid safety margins in protein feeding
• Use genetically lean pigs
• Use growth promoters
• Minimize feed waste
• Ruminants
• Supply only enough ruminally degraded protein to
  meet the NH3 needs of the rumen bacteria
• Beyond the microbial NH3 needs, meet animals
  metabolizable protein needs with ruminally
  undegrade protein sources or crystalline amino
  acids
• Use phase feeding of beef feedlot or dairy cows
• Control feed wastes
• Reduce sulfur in mineral supplements
• Can reduce odor by 40
• Utilize salts other than sulfates or sulfides for
  trace minerals

13

• Increase cellulose or other nonstarch
  polysaccharides in swine diets
• Causes bacteria in large intestine to incorporate
  NH3 into microbial protein
• Reduces NH3 by as much as 35
• Ingredients to add
• Soy hulls
• Sugar beet pulp
• Distillers grains
• Mask odor with other odors
• Garlic powder has been used for poultry
• Feeding sarsaponin
• Extracted from yucca plant
• Inhibits urease
• Feeding zeolites
• Minerals that have cation exchange capacity
• Binds odor compounds
• Reduce dust from animals skin
• Increase quality of dietary fat
• Feed adequate zinc

14

• Management of livestock facilities to manage
  manure odor
• Frequent cleaning of wet manure and feed from
  facilities
• Manure standing for more than 5 days will cause
  considerable offensive odor
• Use bedded systems
• Odor seems less offensive than liquid systems
• Addition of organic matter from bedding reduces
  odor
• Reduce dust within and outside buildings
• Approaches
• Frequent cleaning
• Spraying vegetable oils
• Reduce NH3 and H2S by 30
• Spray once daily
• Use a medium droplet size
• Problem with oily facilities
• Installation of wet scrubbers
• Wetted pads 3 to 5 in front of ventilation fans
• Traps dust with some NH3, H2S, and NOx
• Effectiveness on odors?
• Use of chemical additives

15

• Use Biofiltration
• A system that uses aerobic bacteria to degrade
  gaseous odors from ventilated air
• Process
• 
  Aerobic bacteria
• VOC inorganic gases
  CO2 H2O Mineral salts
• 
  Microbial biomass
• Fiber mat serves as media
• Shredded wood and compost (5050)
• Shredded wood and soil (5050)
• Straw and compost
• Less effective during periods of high ventilation
• Can be difficult to control vegetation and
  rodents

16

• Use Biomass filters
• Walls of corn stalks, corn cob or other materials
  placed immediately outside ventilation fans
• Effects
• Reduces dust by 52 83
• Reduces odor by 43 90

17

• Use windbreak walls
• Walls placed 10 20 ft downwind from ventilation
  fans
• Effects
• Settle dust near barn
• Disperses odor plume upward to increase dilution
• Use natural windbreaks
• Rows of trees or other vegetation

18

• Management of manure storage to limit odor
• Aerobic treatment
• Liquid manure
• Air is pumped into liquid manure
• Should oxidize odor-causing chemicals
• Difficult to mix enough O2 to be effective
• Solid manure
• Composting
• Requirements
• Appropriate moisture (50)
• Adequate CN ration (gt201)
• Aerobic conditions (Frequent mixing)
• Temperature (130oF for 3 days)
• Oxidizes odor and incorporates N-containing
  compounds into microbial protein
• Effects
• Reduces odor by 75 in 2 weeks

19

• Management of anerobic lagoons
• Complete anerobic digestion is effective at
  limiting odors
• Odors can be controlled if

20

• Factors affecting odors in lagoons
• High loading rates
• Excess animal numbers
• Inadequate dilution water
• Windy conditions
• Disturbs surface
• Timing of agitation and pumping for application
• Should be done on clear, sunny days when warm air
  causes odors to rise and disperse
• Early spring turnover
• Odor problems increase as bacterial action begins
  to increase digesting nutrients that were
  incompletely metabolized over winter

21

• Use covers over storage facilities
• Covers over manure structures
• Rigid covers
• Concrete, wood, fiberglass, plastic
• Materials must be noncorrosive
• Flexible covers
• Tarp over manure with a blower
• Floating covers
• Natural
• Crust floating on top of manure
• Artificial organic
• Straw, chopped corn stalks, wood shavings
• Artificial
• Polystyrene foam, air-filled clay balls,
  geotextile
• Effectiveness
• Provides a barrier between liquid manure and the
  atmosphere
• Provides aerobic media to all microbes to degrade
  odor compounds
• Limitations
• Straw will only last from 2 weeks to 6 months

22

• Anerobic digesters
• Produce methane for biogas
• Reduce odors by 70 80
• Additives
• Biological
• Microbial additives
• Cultures added to degrade odor compounds
• Effectiveness?
• Chemical
• Oxidizers and pH control
• Limited effectiveness
• Masking agents
• Volatile compounds that smell pleasant
• Sprayed on or above manure
• May separate from manure downwind
• Absorbents and Adsorbents
• Activated carbon, zeolite, bentonite, or sphagnum
  moss
• Effectiveness?
• Antimicrobial oils

23

• Natural windbreaks
• Creates a visual barrier
• Filters, disperses and dilutes odor
• Separation of manure solids and liquid
• Can be mechanical or gravity
• Separates urea in urine from urease in feces
• Effects
• Reduces NH3
• Reduces odor by 50

24

• Manure application management to control odors
• Manure odor problems are directly proportional to
  the surface area for emissions
• The area of manure application is the greatest
  source of manure odor
• Factors affecting manure odor during application
• Form of manure
• Earthen basin gt Below barn pit gt Anerobic lagoon
  gt Solid gt Compost
• Lagoon management
• Lagoon should be large enough to leave a
  permanent pool to stabilize microbial population
• Apply in June through fall
• Odors reduced when microbes are most active
• Dilute manure with water liberally
• 2 3 parts H2O 1 part manure
• Test for salt and NH3 concentration
• Stop lagoon feeding 2 weeks before pumping
• Allows bacteria the opportunity to degrade odor
• Application method
• Injection of manure into soil
• Most effective at preventing odors
• Surface application with incorporation

25

• If surface applying liquid manure by irrigation
  make sure to
• Set sprayer for large droplets
• Reduce droplet surface area
• Adequately dilute manure with clean water
• 21
• Monitor wind direction
• Shut down if wind blows towards neighboring
  residences
• Monitor wind spead
• Shut down if wind speed exceeds 5 mph
• Prevents dilution of odor

26

• Consideration of neighbors as a method to control
  manure odor nuisance complaints
• Siting of operation and fields for manure
  application
• Major tool to limit odor nuisance complaints
• Considerations
• Distance
• Odors decreases exponentially with distance
• Distances (Required to use the Master Matrix)
• gt Residences
• gt¼ mile from buildings
• gt750 ft from manure application-Surface applied
• gt Residential development
• gt1 mile from buildings
• gt750 ft from manure application-Surface applied
• Topography
• Dont build uphill from residences
• Prevailing winds
• Dont build so residences are downwind of the
  prevailing winds
• Especially during the spring
• Building orientation

27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
(No Transcript)
30

• Timing of manure application
• Tell neighbors when you plan to spread manure
• Select days when wind is blowing away from
  neighbors
• Avoid spreading manure on weekends, holidays, or
  on days when neighbors have a social event
  planned
• Facility maintenance
• Maintain buildings and grounds around facilities
• Mow grass
• Control weeds
• Proper dead animal disposal
• Avoid spilling manure on roads