English as a Second Language

1
English as a Second Language

• Instructional Approaches
• And
• Methodologies
• Kimberly Money and Angela Campbell

2
May 25, 1970 Memorandum

• Where inability to speak and understand the
  English language excludes national origin
  minority group children from effective
  participation in the educational program offered
  by a school district, the district must take
  affirmative steps to rectify the language
  deficiency in order to open its instructional
  program to these students.

3
Lau v. Nichols (1974)

• Affirmed the validity of the May 25th Memorandum
  extending the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to
  language minority children.
• Affirmed the authority of D/HEW to require
  affirmative remedial efforts to give special
  attention to linguistically deprived children
  (LAU Remedies)

4
School Systems Have anObligation to

• Overcome the direct obstacle to learning which
  the language itself imposes
• Provide limited English proficient students with
  assistance in other areas of the curriculum

5
Audio-lingual Approach

• B. F. Skinner (Behavorist)
• Approach made popular by the military
• Meaningful chunks of language
• Inductive, errors avoided!
• Dialogues
• Language Lab popular devise used

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Direct Method

• Berlitz DeSauze
• Inductive
• Allows students to figure out the rules
• Learn by discovery
• Example Kindergarten centers

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Direct Method (cont.)

• Teaches reading and writing first, before
  speaking and listening skills
• Emphasizes correct pronunciation
• Uses visual aids and pantomimes
• Total use of second language NO Translation

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Grammar-Translation

• Students translate famous literature
• Memorize grammar rules
• Highly-structured, teacher controlled learning
  environment
• NO Emphasis on Oral Language
• The only method of second language learning until
  the 19th century.

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Silent Way

• Gattegno (theorist)
• Peace Corps
• Use of little materials
• Students develop their own criteria for
  correctness.
• Teacher is active in setting up situations, while
  students do most of the talking and interacting.

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Suggestopedia

• Lozanov (theorist)
• Relaxed, subdued atmosphere, soft music
• Students relax and listen, playfully practice
  during an activation phase
• Activity Act out being a character

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Community Language Learning

• Curren (theorist)
• Learner-generated
• Secure atmosphere, not threatening
• Students choose what topics they want to learn in
  the target language
• Base lessons on what students want to learn

• Students overcome fears
• Minimal teacher preparation
• Great for Adult ESL programs

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Total Physical Response

• Asher/Crashen (theorists)
• Acting out commands issued by teacher
• Teacher offers humorous variations of the
  commands
• Fun activities, games, skits

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Communicative Approach

• Use of Authentic Materials
• Emphasizes functions over form
• Small group work and discussions
• Stresses the need to teach communication skills
  as opposed to linguistic skills (verb
  conjugations).

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Methodologies Used Today

• Grammar-Translation
• Direct Method
• Total Physical Response
• Audiolingual Approach

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Eight Methodologies
Suggestopedia
Total Physical Response
Silent Way
Audio-lingual
Grammar-Translation
Direct Method
Communicative Approach
Community Language Learning
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Modifications

• Extended Time
• Use of Dictionary
• Peer Tutor
• Abbreviated assignments
• Alternative grading
• Reduced Assignments

• Oral Tests
• Alternate Materials of varying levels
• Provide a photocopy of class notes.
• Audio Tapes

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References

• Davidson County Schools Student Education Plan
• LEP Trainer of Trainers Manual
• Adapting Instruction to Accommodate Students in
  Inclusive Settings (J. Wood)
• Eight Approaches to Language Teaching, G.
  Doggett, (Eric Clearinghouse on Languages and
  Linguistics)