SYMBIOSIS

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SYMBIOSIS
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A symbiotic relationship is when two
organisms of different species live together.
There are 3 types of symbiotic relationships

• Mutualism
• Commensalism
• Parasitism

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Mutualism is when both organisms benefit
from living together. Each organism is better
off because they live with each other.
(Good for you, good for me) 
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An example of mutualism is the oxpecker (a
species of bird) and the rhinoceros or zebra.
Oxpeckers land on rhinos or zebras and eat ticks
and other parasites that live on the skin. The
oxpeckers get food and the beasts get pest
control. Also, when there is danger, the
oxpeckers fly upward and scream a warning which
tells the rhino or zebra of danger.
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Oxpecker and zebra
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Another example of mutualism is when a bee
flies from flower to flower to gather nectar.
The bee uses the nectar to make food. When the
bee lands on the flower, it gets some pollen on
its hairy body and carries the pollen to the next
flower. This is how many plants are pollinated.
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The Brazil nut is an important source of
food for a large rat called the agouti. The
agouti bites open the tough outer shell and eats
the nut inside. Sometimes the agouti buries some
of the seeds for later use and forgets where they
are. This allows some seeds to germinate and
grow into new plants. Without the gnawing of the
agouti, the Brazil nut would not be able to break
through the extremely hard shell and grow.
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Brazil nuts (with the shell)
Brazil nuts (shelled)
Agouti
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Commensalism is when one organism gets
helped and the other is not helped or hurt.
(Good for me, doesn't bother you) 
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At least 9 species of moths, mites, and
beetles live on sloths, eating the algae on their
fur. The bugs lay their eggs on the dung (poop)
of the sloths, which provides food for the
growing larvae. This relationship does not hurt
or help the sloth.
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Three-toed sloth
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Army ants travel in large numbers and eat
any organism that gets in their way. These
vicious creatures have been known to kill
tarantulas, lizards, birds, snakes, pigs and
sometimes animals as large as horses. Antbirds
travel with army ants, eating the small
vertebrates and insects which are flushed out by
the advancing army. The ants still get plenty to
eat and the birds never eat the army ants
themselves.

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Army ants and the Antbird
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Parasitism is when one of the organisms is
helped and the other is hurt.
(Good for me, bad for you) 
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The leaf cutter ant parasitic fly lays its
eggs only on the backs of leaf-cutter ants
targeting porters who are carrying leaves.  The
larvae burrow into the ant's body after hatching
and feed on it, killing it. 
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Leaf cutter ants
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Very small workers will often ride on the
pieces of plant material as they are carried back
to the ant nest. They protect the larger
workers from a parasitic fly that tries to lay
its eggs on the back of the ant's head while it
is carrying leaf fragments. The larger ant is
unable to defend itself because it will not put
down its leaf.
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Leaf cutter ant with food and a smaller ant for
protection
Parasitic fly
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CAMOUFLAGE
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Camouflage is used by organisms to hide.
The organisms will blend in to their
surroundings. This helps prey escape from
predators.
Can you find the katydids in the following
pictures?
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Look closelycan you find the bug?
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Can you find the walking sticks in this
picture? Did you find all of them???
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What animal is hiding here? Did you find the
cryptic frog?
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A leafy sea dragon, photographed off the coast of
Australia. Leafy sea dragons have developed
flowing appendages and vivid coloration that lets
them blend in with the undersea plant life in
their environment.
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Chamaeleo pardalis, a chameleon species found in
the forests of Madagascar. Chameleons can produce
a wide range of colors and patterns on their
skin, but they do this primarily to express mood,
not to blend in with different environments.
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