AERONAUTICAL DECISION MAKING

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AERONAUTICAL DECISION MAKING

• The Theory Behind
• The Practice

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Definition of Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)

• ADM is a systematic approach to the mental
  process used by all involved in aviation to
  consistently determine the best course of action
  in response to a given set of circumstances.

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PRIMARY CAUSAL FACTORS OFAIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS
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PROBABLE CAUSE IN 80 OF ALL ACCIDENTS (NTSB)
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PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS REQUIREMENTS

• CRM is not a single TASK. CRM is a set of
  skill competencies which must be evident in all
  TASKS in this PTS as applied to the single pilot
  or the multicrew operation. CRM competencies,
  grouped into three clusters of observable
  behaviors are....

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ADM SKILL MARKERS(Observable Behaviors)

• COMMUNICATION
• SITUATION AWARENESS
• WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT
• PLANNING
• DECISION MAKING

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CRM DEFINITION

• THE EFFECTIVE USE OF ALL AVAILABLE RESOURCES

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CREW...

• Pilot-in-Command
• Second-in-Command Flight Instructor
• Aircraft Scheduler
• Weather Briefer
• Ramp Personnel
• Chief Instructor

• Flight Attendant
• Check Airman/ Pilot Examiner
• Flight Engineer
• Non-pilot
• Air Traffic Control
• Flight Service/Watch

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RESOURCES...

• Time
• Information
• Workload
• Prioritization
• Strategies/Plans
• Scheduling

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MANAGEMENT...

• Situation Assessment
• Risk Assessment
• Planning/Strategizing
• Prioritizing Tasks
• Allocating Responsibilities
• Problem Solving

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ENHANCED CREWMEMBER PERFORMANCE
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ENHANCED CREWMEMBER PERFORMANCE
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ENHANCED CREWMEMBER PERFORMANCE
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ADM Focus Non-Technical Skills
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ADM SKILL MARKERS(Observable Behaviors)

• COMMUNICATION
• SITUATION AWARENESS
• WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT
• PLANNING
• DECISION MAKING

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COMMUNICATIONS

• Two-way street
• Information transfer
• Clear, concise, unambiguous
• Listening
• Repeating
• Clarification
• Understanding

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SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

• THE ACCURATE PERCEPTION OR KNOWLEDGE A PILOT
  MAINTAINS TO THEIR OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN
  ORDER TO ANTICIPATE CONTINGENCIES AND TAKE THE
  NECESSARY ACTIONS.

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WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT

• PRIORITIZE AND DELEGATE
• SHARE AND COMMUNICATE
• ACKNOWLEDGE PERSONAL LIMITS
• ACTIVELY MONITOR

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PREPARATION, PLANNING, AND VIGILANCE

• PREPARING FOR REQUIRED ACTIVITIES
• PLANNING FOR ALL POSSIBILITIES
• MAINTAINING AWARENESS FOR CHANGE

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Decision Making Process

• 1. Is there a decision to make?
• 2. Gather all available information.
• 3. Identify all possible alternatives.
• 4. Evaluate alternatives.
• 5. Choose an alternative (make a decision).
• 6. Act on decision.
• 7. Evaluate the results of the decision.
• (if necessary, return to the beginning)

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THE EFFECTS OF STRESS AND FATIGUE

• Human Performance
• Error Management

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ADM MODELS AND PROGRAMS TODAY

• PTS/CRM
• Pilot Judgment Training Manuals
• Personal Minimums
• FAAs Model
• DECIDE Model
• Hazardous Attitudes
• Decision Making Process

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The Effects ofStress Fatigue
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Stress Fatigue
Not unique to the airline industry, or the
transportation industry!
Our entire society is now driven by a 24/7
economy and lifestyle
Its our individual responsibility to implement
alertness management strategies
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Stress Fatigue
What are causes of chronic stress?
What is your chronic stress level?
How did the pilots surveyed deal with chronic
stress?
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Stress Fatigue
Stress-Coping Strategies
About half stated they were physically active to
some degree
Remainder were less physically active, but
involved in relaxation-type activities
All strategies provide a welcome diversion from
stress.
What is your strategy?
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Human PerformanceStress Fatigue
12 am
12 noon
12 am
3 - 5 am
3 - 5 pm

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Performance level
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Stress Fatigue
AA 1420 Little Rock, AR June 1, 1999
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Stress Fatigue
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You start with a bag full of luck and an empty
bag of experience. The trick is to fill the bag
of experience before you empty the bag of luck.
Human Performance And Error Management
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Human Errors Leading To Accidents...

• How many errors need to occur before we have an
  accident?

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The Roach Theory of Errors

• Errors are like roaches...

For every one you see...
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Errors are like roaches

• There are different varieties
• Communications
• Procedural
• Proficiency
• Intentional Non-compliance
• Operational Decision

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Errors are like roaches

• There are different species and sizes
• Slips - meant to do the right thing but took
  incorrect action
• Lapses - omitted an item
• Mistakes - intention was incorrect
• Violations - (procedural non-compliance) i.e.
  intentionally deviated from SOP or accepted
  procedure

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Error Enhancers

• Hurry
• Fatigue/excessive stress
• Lack of oxygen/water/food
• Distractions/interruptions
• First learned, best learned
• Insufficient situation awareness
• Workload -too low or high

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More Error Enhancers

• Language barriers
• Cultural differences
• Inconsistencies in training
• Insufficient knowledge and skills
• Non-standardized interfaces
• Night/weather

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Human Responses to Errors

• Trap - error is detected and managed before it
  becomes consequential
• Exacerbate - error is detected but the crews
  action or inaction becomes consequential
• Fail to Respond - lack of a response to an error
  (undetected or ignored) that can either end up
  being inconsequential or consequential

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What Do We Do About Errors?

• Prevent as many as possible
• Practice detection and recovery
• Understand and be vigilant for potential error
  enhancers

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Roach Prevention and Exterminators

• Planning
• Leadership
• Communications
• Decision Making
• Situation Awareness
• Workload Management

Oh Noooo...
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Error Management and Roach Control

• It is not possible to prevent all errors
• Error detection, prevention, and recovery - error
  tolerance is the goal.
• The goal is met by improving human performance in
  all facets of aviation.

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What about these?
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THE END

• REMEMBER......MAKE ADM PART OF YOUR LESSON PLANS!
• QUESTIONS????