INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS:

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INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
Real-Time Vehicle Performance MonitoringUsing
Wireless Networking
Will Jenkins, Ron Lewis, Georgios Lazarou Joseph
Picone, Zach Rowland Human and Systems Engineering
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Abstract

• Cornerstone of next generation intelligent
  transportation systems (ITS)
• seamless integration of in-vehicle networking
  with existing wireless telephony infrastructure
• remote access to on-board diagnostics and
  performance data.

Though many systems integrate position tracking
and wireless networking to allow for remote
position tracking, few systems provide the
capability to monitor vehicle performance over
the web. Our design is based on

• a popular new standard for wireless
  communications GSM/GPRS
• an in-vehicle standard for diagnostic
  information, OBD-II, is used to gather
  performance data
• GPS technology to provide vehicle location
• Apaches Tomcat extensions to provide Internet
  access via a vehicle tracking web site.

The system is being used to track the campus bus
system atMississippi State University in
Starkville, Mississippi, U.S.A.
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• Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)

• Relies heavily on vehicle communication systems
  including peer-to-peer and peer-to-base station
  communications

• Incorporates seamless integration of in-vehicle
  networking with existing wireless telephony

• Uses networks of collaborative vehicles to
  optimize traffic flow and provide dynamic routing
  capability (intelligent network)

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System Overview
Wireless Network
Web / Database Server
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• Extensible Vehicle Performance Monitoring System

• Incorporates Global Positioning System (GPS)
  technology for vehicle location

• Exploits capabilities of Global System for Mobile
  Communications (GSM) and General Packet Radio
  Service (GPRS)
• Based on existing in-vehicle automotive standards
  (e.g., OBD-II, SAE J1850, and SAE J1979)

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• Global Positioning System

• 24 geostationary satellites orbiting at an
  elevation of 11,000 miles

• Originally developed for military use only

• Triangulates position to an accuracy within 15
  meters using at least four satellites

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• GSM/GPRS Wireless Network

• Digitally encodes voice signals using the GSM
  06.10 compressor models at 13kbps
• Uses time division multiple access (TDMA)

• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) data
  communication layer over a GSM wireless
  transmission link with a theoretical data
  transfer speed of 171.2 Kbps
• Packet format allows for full compatibility with
  existing Internet services

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In-Vehicle Networking (OBD-II)

• Monitors most electrical systems

Protocol Signal Type(s) Manufacturer
SAE J1850 VPW Variable Pulse Width Modulation General Motors
SAE J1850 PWM Pulse Width Modulation Ford
ISO 9141-2 Two Serial Lines Half-duplex (L) Full-duplex (K) European, Asian, and Chrysler
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Generation 1 COTS Prototype

• Operates on all OBD-II protocols specified in SAE
  J1850

• Laptop with two COM ports (RS232) and a 16-bit
  compatible PCMCIA port

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Data Collection Software

• OBD-II data is retrieved by continuously polling
  the system

• OBD-II data is identified by generic parameter
  identifications or PIDs specified in SAE J1979
  standard
• Speed, Engine RPM, Calculated Throttle Position
  Sensor (TPS), Engine Load, Engine Coolant
  Temperature, and Air Intake Pressure

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Data Collection Software

• The communication protocol is set based on
  vehicle protocol.

• Specified PIDs are polled continuously

• The GPS data is gathered simultaneously.
• NMEA GPRMC sentence contains UTC data, longitude,
  and latitude.

• The data is then sent to the server via GSM/GPRS.
  
• The GPS signal is used as the trigger for data
  transmission.

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Web and Database Server

• Separate database for real-time and stored data
  are maintained

Table Contents
Stops Label and GPS coordinates
Routes Label and list of topology in-order of traversal
Buses Current location
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Map\EOP Interface

• Shows vehicle location on a digital map

• Route information is available

• Engine operating parameters can be viewed in
  real-time on dashboard-like gauges

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Generation 2 Campus Bus Network Pilot

• Geographical Information System (GIS) providing
  faster map rendering based on GPS coordinates.

• Deployment for campus shuttles scheduled for
  Spring 2005.

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Summary and Future Work

• Prototyped a real-time vehicle performance
  monitoring system which exploits existing
  wireless networking technology

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References

• L. Figueiredo, I. Jesus, J.A.T. Machado, J.R.
  Ferreira, J.L. Martins de Carvalho, Towards the
  Development of Intelligent Transportation
  Systems. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems
  Proceedings, Oakland, CA, 2001, 25-29.
• Garmin. What is GPS. online. Available
  http//www.garmin.com/aboutGPS/index.html
• T. Yunck, G. Lindal, C. Liu, The role of GPS in
  precise Earth observation, Position Location and
  Navigation Symposium, Dec. 1988, 251-258
• GSMWorld. online. Available http//www.gsmworld
  .com/technology/faq.shtml
• J. Cai, D. Goodman, General Packet Radio in GSM,
  IEEE Communications Magazine, 35(10), 1997, pp
  122-131.
• S. Godavarty, S. Broyles and M. Parten,
  Interfacing to the On-board Diagnostic System,
  Proceedings Vehicular Technology Conference Vol.
  4, pp. 2000-2004, 24-28 Sept. 2000.
• SAE J 1850 May 2001, Class B Data Communication
  Network Interface, 2004 SAE Handbook, SAE
  International, 2004.
• SAE J 1979 April 2002, E/E Diagnostic Test Modes
  Equivalent to ISO/DIS 15031 April 30, 2002, 2004
  SAE Handbook, SAE International, 2004.
• NMEA 0183 Standard for Interfacing Marine
  Electronic Devices, Version 2.0, National Marine
  Electronics Association, Mobile, AL, January
  1992.
• J. Brittain, I.F. Darwin, Tomcat the definitive
  guide (O'Reilly, 2003).
• K. English, L. Feaster, Community geography GIS
  in action (ESRI Press, 2003).
• MARIS. online. Available http//www.maris.state
  .ms.us/index.html

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• Questions

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In-Vehicle Networking (OBD-II)

• The 1990 Clean Air Act and the Environmental
  Protection Agency established strict emission
  standards and inspection/maintenance (I/M)
  programs.
• The Society for Automotive Engineers (SAE)
  produced a set of automotive standards and
  practices that regulated the development of
  diagnostic systems that would check for emission
  violations.
• These standards were expanded to create the
  on-board diagnostic system OBD-II
• In 1996, the EPA adopted these standards and
  practices and mandated their installation in all
  light-duty vehicles.

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Demo