Space

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Space The Final Frontier
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Early astronomers

• Astronomer - Astronomers use the principles of
  physics and mathematics to learn about the
  fundamental nature of the universe, including the
  sun, moon, planets, stars, ...
• Nicholas Copernicus (1473 1543) the first
  astronomer to teach that the sun (not the Earth)
  was the center of the solar system.
• Galileo Galilei built the first telescope in
  1609 and proved Copernicus correct.

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What is out there?

• Ever since mankind has looked up at the moon and
  stars, we have wandered about life in the
  universe.

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How big is the universe?

• Billions of stars planets galaxies

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What is the difference between a solar system,
galaxy, and the universe?

• Solar System our solar system includes our sun,
  moon, asteroid belt, and 9 planets
• Our solar system is part of the Milky way Galaxy.
• The universe is made up of many galaxies.

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The Universe

• We can observe only a portion of the entire
  universe. Because the universe is only about 14
  billion years old, light has only had about 14
  billion years to travel through it. Therefore,
  the most distant regions of the universe we can
  see are about 14 billion light-years away. This
  is the extent of the "observable universe," but
  the entire universe is probably much larger. It
  could even extend infinitely in all directions.

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The name of our galaxy is

• The name of our galaxy is the Milky Way. Our Sun
  and all of the stars that you see at night belong
  to the Milky Way. When you go outside on a dark
  night and look up, you will see a milky,
  misty-looking band stretching across the sky.
  When you look at this band, you are looking into
  the densest parts of the Milky Way, the "disk"
  and the "bulge."

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The Milky way Galaxy

• A galaxy is an enormous collection of gas, dust
  and billions of stars held together by gravity.
  One galaxy can have hundreds of billions of stars
  and be as large as 200,000 light years across.

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Our solar system is located in the outer reaches
of the Milky Way Galaxy, which is a spiral
galaxy. The Milky Way Galaxy contains roughly 200
billion stars. Most of these stars are not
visible from Earth. Almost everything that we can
see in the sky belongs to the Milky Way Galaxy.
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Earth in the Milky Way
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Solar System

• The solar system consists of the Sun the eight
  official planets, at least three "dwarf planets",
  more than 130 satellites of the planets, a large
  number of small bodies (the comets and
  asteroids), and the interplanetary medium. (There
  are probably also many more planetary satellites
  that have not yet been discovered.)
• The inner solar system contains the Sun, Mercury,
  Venus, Earth and Mars
• The outer system contains Jupiter, Saturn,
  Uranus, and Neptune

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Facts About Earth

• Distance from the sun - 93 million miles
• Distance from the moon - 240,000 miles
• Circumference - 25,000 miles

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Chuck Yeager
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Chuck Yeager of WV

• Chuck Yeager was born and raised in WV.
• In 1947, Chuck Yeager drove the first plane to
  break the sound barrier.
• US was ahead of the world in the space race.
• But then

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Space Race Begins

• History changed on October 4, 1957, when the
  Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The
  world's first artificial satellite was about the
  size of a basketball, weighed only 183 pounds,
  and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on
  its elliptical path. That launch ushered in new
  political, military, technological, and
  scientific developments. While the Sputnik launch
  was a single event, it marked the start of the
  space age and the U.S.-U.S.S.R space race.

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Sputnik 1
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Vanguard

• The US thought they would be the first to
  successfully launch a satellite into space. They
  put together a scientific team and began working
  on Vanguard.

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Vanguard
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US vs Russia

• The Sputnik launch changed everything. As a
  technical achievement, Sputnik caught the world's
  attention and the American public off-guard. Its
  size was more impressive than Vanguard's intended
  3.5-pound payload. In addition, the public feared
  that the Soviets' ability to launch satellites
  also translated into the capability to launch
  ballistic missiles that could carry nuclear
  weapons from Europe to the U.S. Then the Soviets
  struck again on November 3, Sputnik II was
  launched, carrying a much heavier payload,
  including a dog named Laika. 

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Explorer 1

• Explorer project 4 months after Sputnik US sent
  Explorer 1 into space.

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Mariner Project

• The Mariner Project was a series of US space
  probes build to provide information on the inner
  planets Mercury, Venus, and Mars.
• Mariner 2 launched in 1962.
• Many embarrassing disasters on the launch pad at
  Cape Canaveral.

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Mariner I failed on launch pad.
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Voyager

• The Mariner Project was renamed
• Voyager.
• Voyager 1 launched from Kennedy Space Center
  September 1977. In 1980 it approached Saturn.
• Voyager 2 launched from Cape Canaveral in 1977
  also.

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Voyager images
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Space Probes (Satellites)

• Mariner
• Viking 1 and 2 (summer 1976) 1st successful
  landing on mars. Designed to explore inner
  planets
• Voyager 1 and 2 designed to explore outer planets
• Galileo 1989 The 1st probe to orbit Jupiter
  and sent a smaller probe into its atmosphere.
  Launched from a space shuttle.

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NASA

• The National Aeronautics and Space Administration
  (NASA) is an agency of the United States federal
  government, responsible for the nation's public
  space program. Established on July 29, 1958, by
  the National Aeronautics and Space Act.

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Space Centers

• Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Mostly a
  manned spacecraft center. Established in 1965.
• Kennedy Space Center Cape Canaveral Florida.
  Mostly a satellite and shuttle center.
• Other places include Mississippi.

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Manned Space Program

• Mercury Program

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Mercury Program

• The Mercury Program (1960 1962)
• 1st program to put an astronaut into space.

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Mercury-Redstone 3FREEDOM 7May 5, 1961Alan B.
Shepard, Jr. 15 minutes, 28 secondsSuborbital
flight that successfully put the first American
in space.
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Gemini Program

• Was a manned space program to put 2 men into
  space hence the name Gemini which means twin.

• To subject man and equipment to space flight up
  to two weeks in duration.
• To rendezvous and dock with orbiting vehicles and
  to maneuver the docked combination by using the
  target vehicle's propulsion system
• To perfect methods of entering the atmosphere and
  landing at a preselected point on land. Its goals
  were also met, with the exception of a land
  landing, which was cancelled in 1964.

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Gemini Launch
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The Apollo Program

• Project Apollo was a series of human spaceflight
  missions undertaken by NASA, on behalf of the
  United States of America. The program used the
  Apollo spacecraft and Saturn launch vehicle, and
  was conducted during the years 1961 1975. It
  was devoted to the goal (in U.S. President John
  F. Kennedy's famous words) of "landing a man on
  the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth"
  within the decade of the 1960s. This goal was
  achieved with the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969.

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The US Space Shuttle

• The US space shuttle was designed to be launched
  into space by rockets and then to return to the
  Earths surface by gliding down and landing on a
  runway. It was first used in the 1980s.
• It is the first reusable spacecraft.

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Shuttle Missions

• Columbia, Challenger, Discovery and Atlantis.
  Challenger was destroyed on launch in 1986, and
  Endeavour was built as a replacement. Columbia
  was destroyed on re-entry in 2003.

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Challenger Crew
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The International Space Station

• A joint effort between 5 space agencies.
• The agencies include the US, Russia, Japan,
  Canada, and Europe.
• It orbits in low earth orbit.
• The station has continuous people staying since
  it was first occupied in 2000.

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