Fish sensibility

1
Fish sensibility

• Theme Sensory components of the fish nervous
  system are highly discriminative, and the
  sensitivity of the sense cells is often
  surprisingly great as they receive chemical and
  physical stimuli from the environment. Lagler p
  344)
• Review.
• Brain Telencephalon or forebrain is the smell
  brain PLUS, meaning..
• homolog of mammalian limbic (termed
  rhinenecephalic structures inmammals
  hippocampus, pyriform cortex, amygdala, and
  septum) (Ingle p 116, 135)
• anatomists agree fish forebrain subcortical
• odors analyzed by forebrain and the rest of
  the CNS alerted, ie the forebrain regulates other
  brain mechanisms forebrainless fish (Ingle p
  116) have a decline, but not elimination of
  behavior regulates awareness.
• Cranial Nerves Jobling links all senses to
  nerves, 145
• 01 olfactoryII optic..IIIIV occulomotor
  7-10 mixed nerves
• Fish brain regenerates new tissue can learn!
  Regeneration in guppy was complete after 60-120
  days, the new brain area was the same size and
  shape, BUT( PFC52117) olfactory nerve tagged
  with a coded wire tag, shows there was poor
  regenerative capacity of nervous tissue see
  transparency

2
Chemosensory System whole-body awareness

• Chemical stimuli central in governing most
  aspects of fish behavior such as feeding,
  reproduction, avoidance, and recognition of
  conspecifics. Chemical stimuli are sensed by.
• Solitary chemosensory cells (250/mm square)
• Gustatory cells
• Olfactory cells
• Place in declining order of sensitivity.
• 1)__________ 2)__________ 3)____________

3
Olfactory system

• A. Anatomy in teleosts
• dorsal nares, single nostril on each side, with
  flap directing water sculpins,
• salmon
• double nostril on each side, most fish, holes
  are apart in catfish and pike
• water moved by swimming, pulsating sinus, cilia,
  folds/flaps,
• muscle action
• olfactory epithelium folded, number of folds
  directly related to sense of smell, which is from
  anadromous fish
• ciliated cells move water
• receptor cells with cilia have steroid
  sensitivity non-ciliated have amino acid
  sensitivity

4
Olfactory research physiology behavior

• Physiology detects reaction of cells on EEG
• stimulate nares record brain EEG
• Problems - complex experiment i.e. of 18 amino
  acids only L-aspartic acid and betaine
  stimulatory to EEG (Ashton p 34), but
  differential position of electrode later found
  responses to l-methionine, l-glutamine, and
  l-cysteine.
• Create a brain lesion and record what the fish
  can't do

5
Olfactory research physiology behavior

• Behaviorist must see action For example
  -reaction to amino acids uniform in cell, but
  only L-serine from the hands of bears, mammals,
  humans causes avoidance reaction, RELATES TO
  STRIKE
• Types of stimuli
• smell
• attractants (distance)
• arrestants (close range)
• taste or contact
• incitant (initiation of feeding)
• stimulant (promotes ingestion)
• Types of responses
• taxic (directed) positive/neg
• kinesis (nondirected) i.e. rate of turning
• body oriented

6
Olfactory research Physiology behavior

• Behavioral methods
• "Y" maze, avoidance chamber TAF 105430
• circular with 3 inlets JFRBC 3663 gradient
  methods Hydrobiol. 61257 2 section trough PFC
  3863 use of cameras FRBC 332036 trough (the
  one I used) 2-choice water recirc tank (pfc
  4864)
• Shuttle boxes (Ingle and transparency

7
Chemorecepation - Taste

• A moderately sensitive system which detects
  dilute solutions by contact as opposed to other
  types of chemoreception (olfaction or general
  chemical sense)
• Location is mouth, barbels,
• gill arches, skin, lips,
• barbels
• concentrated on pectoral fins of fish that
  might probe substrate for food (Jobling p 42)In
  carp there are 40-50 buds/mm2, with max
  density 820/mm2 in pharyngeal area

8
Chemoreception-taste

• The organ is the Neurogen (taste bud) and
  nerve-cranial nerves 7,9,10 (origin of nerve
  impulse - change in ionic conc. by inhibition of
  enzyme activity in and around the bud)
• Palateal organ In carp densely packed
• in roof of mouth as the alateal organ,
• innervated by 9th cranial nerve, organ
• responded in carp to acidic solutions,
• sucrose(sugar), fish slime, and human
• saliva (ever heard of spitting on the
• bait????)
• Determined by glossopharyngeal nerve preparation

9
Equilibrium and balanceSense____
Structure Pocket Stoneequilibrium
pars superior ultriculus
lapullus(also semi-circ. canals with ampulli
(small sacs) at base of each)hearing
pars inferior sacculus
sagitta
lagena asteriscus

• Pars superior - the semi-circs, their ampulla and
  the ultriculus and ear stone the lapullus.
  Lapullus rests on sensory hairs of the ultriculus
  and responds to force of gravity. Fish maintains
  positions which cause the stone to rest directly
  on the hairs with no shear. Sensing shear, the
  hairs send an impulse to the brain. If removed,
  the fish orients to light.

10
Underwater Sound PuSound travels faster in
water than air (4.8X) due to the density and
degree of compressibility of water, not as
attenuated in water and directional. Jobling
discusses how fish use the ratio between in P
(pressure) and u (back and forth particle
velocity)

• Jobling (p21) partitions underwater sound into
  two factors
• P or _________________
• u or __________________

• Acusticolateralis system includes
• 1. LL mechanoreceptors
• 2. Inner ear otolithic organs
• 3. Gas Bladder
• Discuss how each functions in relation to P and u
  (all available in Jobling 2.6, 2.7, 2.8.

11
Acustico-lateralis system acustico

• Pars inferior
• (Varies greatly (whereas superior does not vary
  much)
• Structure of otolithic organ (oto ear)
• 1. Rock, otolith, variation in shape, distinct to
  sp.
• 2. Sensory epithelium -
• macula - under rock
• cristeae - ciliary bundle in ampullae 40-70
  hairs with 1 true cilia or klinocilia
• 3. Gelatinous otolithic membrane holds rock
• 4. 8th cranial nerve
• 5. Air bladder involvement (Jobling p 29-32)
• Examples
• minnows, catfish - Weberian ossicles
• Clupeids - bladder diverticulum terminates at
  utriculus (so this species also involves pars
  superior)
• Others - bladder diverticulum touches skull

12
Acustico-lateralis system acustico

• Sound detection
• HUMANS - tympanic membrane moves and moves middle
  ear bones which press on fluids of the inner ear,
  stimulation of sensory cells occurs when fluids
  move
• FISH - hypothesis in fish (actual path unknown)
• 1936 - indirect stimulation of pars inferior from
  air bladder (body of fish has the density of
  water -won't stop sound)
• 1960 - direct stimulation, otoliths are 3X more
  dense, lag behind movement of body with sound
  wave (body moves like water since same density)
• 1980 - combination hypothesis, both direct and
  indirect
• direct on macula of lagena (low frequency)
• indirect stimulation on saccular macula (high
  frequency)

13
Acustico-lateralis system lateralis

• "LATERALIS" or Lateral line (the sense of touch -
  far)
• Function
• 1. to detect water movement, velocity, direction
• 2. Distant touch detect low energy water waves
• A. Vibrations received from other swimming
  objects
• B. Reflected vibrations from stationary objects
• Cell morphology
• 1. Neuromast sensory cell (mechanoreceptor)
  located in outermost layer of epidermis
• 2. Innervation - the lateral line is innervated
  by the 7,9,10 cranial nerve which terminates in
  the medulla at the acustico nucleus (figure from
  Smith 211-213)

14
Acustico-lateralis system lateralis

• 3. Sensory hair cell (kinocilium Job p 24)in LL
• The hair cell transmits mechanical action or
  movement into electrical action. The electrical
  potential is changed when the cupula is bent
  which causes ½ cells to be depolarized and ½ to
  be hyperpolarized, consequently, the electrical
  impulse is derived.

15
Acustico-lateralis system lateralis

• Organ morphology
• Epidermal organs in larvae- free sensory hillocks
  on the epidermis of the body, the cupula waves
  in the water (Arcadio CJFAS 341494)
• Pits - the neuromast in a pit organ with long
  cupula and have a reduced canal development in
  stickleback and pike.
• Canal system - Smith says a series of
  overlapping chambers rather than tube, also
  shows how tuft is incorporated in scale as
  scale grows.

16
Acustico-lateralis systemlateralis

• Cephalic lateral line supraorbital,
  infraorbital, mandibular, oral, preopercle
  (hyomandibular), supratemporal, canal system well
  developed in constant swimmers
• Spiracular organ in gars and sturgeons

17
The Sense of Touch - near

• Several of the 10 cranial nerves have mixed
  functions,
• one is thermal and tactile sensibility of the
  skin,
• the nerves leave the spinal cord and course
  toward the skin,
• at dermis loose the myelin sheath they are then
  free nerve endings
• respond to touch and send a message to the brain
  to react, (thermal reception HR 1971, paper by
  Murray)
• Confirmation of the role of the cutaneous nerves
  as temperature receptors
• tests in which fish are trained to swim away when
  touched by a warmed rod, and not leave if the
  rod and water temperature are equal,
• When the rod is 2C warmer than the tank,
  consistent responses were obtained from almost
  the whole fishs body, the fish moved.

18
Electroreception

• Electric fish produce electricity (e.g. electric
  eel)
• Non-electric fish sense electric fields from prey
  electrical fields, prey nerve function, muscle
  contraction, electric organs (fish), and earths
  magnetic field and polarity (Smith p 216)
• Freshwater electro-receptive fishes (also
  dipnoans, etc)
• paddlefish
• Atlantic salmon
• anguillids
• Organ ampullae with highly conductive
  gel and receptor cells

19
Applications - Pollution
QUESTION Why be concerned about sub-lethal
chemical concentrations?
ANSWER Change in behavior (avoidance, homing,
feeding) if the chemical or metal absorb/complex
on sensory cells

• Pollutionavoiding polluted water
• PHENOL(JFBiol 14135)
• shoaling behavior changed somewhat
• minnows did not avoid phenol at 4-10 mg/l
• INSECTICIDE( TAF 103557)
• susceptible resistant pops avoided
• Only susceptible fish avoided DDT
• SEWAGE (TAF 105430)
• dace avoided domestic sewage
• TURBIDITY (NAJFM 4371)
• juv coho avoided gt70NTU
• Concern.... The avoidance threshold may be below
  the allowable levels stated in WQC
• Copper Criteria _________________ vs Copper
  avoidance threshold _______________
• Goldfish attracted when gradient shallow, avoid
  when gradient great

20
Applications Pollution fish behavior

• Significance to the fish
• Homing - low Cu alters effectiveness of home
  stream waters as an attractant (J 30985)
• Feeding - Cu 5-30 mg/l depressed salmon feeding
  (J332023)
• carp exposed for 30 days to 8 ug/l Cu reduced
  food consumption 30 (Jap. J. Icth 17166)
• Toxic Mechanism --Cu 0.l mg/l and Hg 0.008 mg/l
  depressed olfactory responses of RBT to a
  standard stimulant. Metals complex with the
  sensory cells and suppress the olfactory bulb
  (Gardner LaRoach 1973)
• Example - Menhaden Kill

21
Applications Pollution fish behavior

• Annual spring die-offs of menhaden provide an
  important commercial fish for oil and meal.
  Kills are characterized by the presence of
  "spinners" or fish that swim with a corkscrew
  motion on the surface. The cause of the kill is
  unknown
• Microscopic examination showed lateral line,
  olfactory organ, labyrinth had lesions,
  epithelium of canal walls and nares is necrotic
  and an inflammatory response is evident.
  Perilymphatic spaces congested, cellular debris
  apparent suggesting severs morph. deterioration
  of labyrinth proper, sensory maculae, secretory
  cells, and innervation tissue. Destruction of
  organ of balance undoubtedly the cause of the
  spinning. But what caused death.

22
Applications - Fish Culture

• Induce fish to feed
• Feeding of incitants (search)
• stimulants (swallow) Brandt PFC 49198
• Willis and Flickinger (1981) found that bass fry
  accepted eggs of common carp, so Brandt used them
  as a control and mixed with feed. found that
  diets containing carp eggs were the only diets
  that were well accepted, others had washings and
  extracts of several fishery products
• Aquarium trade has a feeding stimulant for
  recently moved valuable individual tropical fish
• B. Transportation of Fry - epidermal organs
  (Arcadio)

23
Applications - Management

• The wonderful otolith The otolith for marking TAF
  113370, PFC 29166
• speciation/tax relationship
• punch CFG 5665
• gouge chisel through parasphenoid NAJFM 6287,
  PFC41212
• validate scale method NAJFM 7202
• aging daily rings biological clock or diel temp
  (JFRBC 34332)
• recover temp life history
• food habit studies of crab
• origin of stock, hatchery or wild (SD)
• spawning time/life history transition
• growth rate
• mortality rate using otolith increments as basis
  for catch curve analysis

24
Applications - Management

• Capturing and baits
• Avoidance - copper sulfate and trapping (4172)
• Attractants (Bait see my/duffy report)
• Fish protein fish attracted to amino acids,
  active principles in the bait (cod muscle) were
  heat stable, small molecular weight, extractable,
  JFRBC 32729
• Crayfish control (pfc50103) trapping crayfish -
  baits NAJFM 7601
• Diary products - cat-fishing (cheese), carp
  (soybean cake) NAJFM 1204Other Baits (TAF10643)

25
Applications ManagementThe catch of rough fish
can be maximized by baiting with certain plant
materials, at the same time, the catch of game
fish was minimized.
26
Lamprey control application of olfaction

• Stinky male lamprey hypothesis
• Goal find a more efficient way to eradicate sea
  lamprey
• Collect thousands of males in St. Marys River,
  chemically sterilize males and trick females
  into wasting their reproductive effort, But,
  this is not working well
• Solution produce stinkier males because there is
  heavy competition in streams among males for
  mates
• Implant sterile males with GTH-RF to stimulate
  the production of sperm, testosterone, and
  estradiol, one of which stimulates sex
  pheromones. The GTH-RF implants increase
  concentration and prolong duration of pheromone
  production.
• Hypothesis stinkier sterile males will be able
  to outcompete less stinky normal males and
  decrease yearly production of lampreys.

27
Applications Schooling Why?

• Protection open water has no place to hide,
  schools are cover, reference
• Hydrodynamic Example small school 5.6 BL/sec
  large school 7.6 BL/sec Lone YP swims 50 slower
  then when in a school (JFRBC 25711)
• Prey Advantage school (35 fish) attacked in 135
  sec individual in 29 sec
• tactics are 1) "hole", 2) confusion, and 3) less
  chance of being found
• Predator advantage schooling 2nd predator eats
  disoriented prey
• Treatment Schooling response Sense
• No sight, no LL no school eyes
  for place in pattern
• No LL school disorderly LL
  for speed, direction, spacing

28
Applications Ecology - Imprinting

• Hasler's story and EEG transparency
• Olfactory integration EEG of salmon to home
  waters (Smith 207) Hoar and Randall - response of
  salmon captured at sea, not exposed to these
  waters for 3 yearsWATER RESPONSESany -hom
  e river home stream spawning site
• More recent studies show that (Smith book) salmon
  search their way back, i.e. can/t smell home
  water until close to it but know home river,
  tributary diluted 200 times by river, but EEG
  disappeared when water diluted only 65X, some
  studies found no reaction, suggest taste also
  involved (book)

29
Applications Ecology - Communication

• Detect conspecifics, predators, food, territory
  (nest defense)
• fish smelling pheromones, urine, mucus,(p 31
  Ashton)
• 31 species of fish have sex pheromones that
  causes attraction
• Example Channel Catfish, black bullhead
• a. females attract males in CC
• b. males attract females in BBH (Ashton p
  32,33), seminal vesicle extracts and urine
  containing a proteinaceous and lipoidal pheromone
  attracted BBH females and repelled conspecific
  males
• JFB 14289 shad JFRBC 3663 rbt males responded
  to ovarian fluid Anim Behav. 3035 cichlids
  preferred water from females, but could not
  distinguish mom, fry preferred fish water to
  control water, fish able to stay near guarded
  territory in murky or nocturnal conditions

30
Applications Angling with smelly jelly

• What does In Fisherman Say???
• Dr. Juice Fish Scent Smelly Jelly
• Fish Formula - developed by a registered
  pharmacist fisherman
• Chumm'n Rub - made of "Flavorol", 70 real fish
• Berkley Strike - Becky's power plant experiment
• Stink bait savvy
• A dab of Vicks Vaporub on a dust mask protects
  you when mixing a 1 cat baitwe have some
  serious catfishing here on the Ohio the many
  grain loading facilities spill grain that
  attracts forage and catchable fish. B. Enders,
  Kt

31
Applications - Acoustics

• Acoustic fish deterrent system
• Sonalysis Inc (swords to plowshares)
• company went from submarine sonar
• to noise in "Hunt for Red October" to
• scaring fish with the FishStartle System
• Less entrainment/impingement at..
• Location Result
• Nuc PP L. Ont. 91 less alewives
• Hydro. Vt Am. Shad reduced
• Tunnel (blasting) Fish scared for 5 min
• How? Unknown but they dont like it
• Audible Frequency for fish
• 20 - 125,000 Hz (158 decibels)
• For Humans 20-200 Hz

32
Application tagging

• Coded wire tagging
• be careful, dont stick a tag in Cranial nerve
  I, (PFC52117) (transparency)
• Fluorescent marking
• Calcein chemically binds with calcium resulting
  in a mark, introduced into fry by immersion
  (diffusion) or short duration, high concentration
  plus facilitate diffusion with ultrasound to
  accelerate the rate of diffusion.
• Success several fold increase in rate of
  diffusion and has potential for use in delivery
  of compounds for marking and vaccination.