Diffusion Syncretism Trobriand Cricket

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DiffusionSyncretismTrobriand Cricket

• When British missionaries pressed Trobriand
  Islanders to celebrate their yam harvests with a
  game of cricket rather than traditional wild
  dances, Trobrianders transformed the staid
  British sport into an event that featured sexual
  chants and dances between innings.
  http//www.youtube.com/watch?v0jTP7a9I0dU -10
  min

2
Cultural LossAbandonment of an existing practice
or trait

• Example
• In ancient times wagons were used in northern
  Africa and southwestern Asia, but wheeled
  vehicles disappeared from Morocco to Afghanistan
  about 1,500 years ago.
• They were replaced by camels due to their
  endurance, longevity, ability to ford rivers and
  traverse rough ground.
• While a wagon required a man for every two
  animals, one person manage six camels.

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Question

• The spread of cultural elements from one culture
  to another is called ______________
• cold fusion.
• transfusion.
• diffusion.
• bifusion.
• confusion.

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Answer C

• The spread of cultural elements from one culture
  to another is called diffusion.

5
Question

• In biblical times, chariots and carts were
  widespread in the Middle East, but by the 6th
  century roads had deteriorated so much that
  wheeled vehicles were replaced by camels. This
  illustrates that cultural change is sometimes due
  to
• a. primary invention.
• b. secondary invention.
• c. diffusion.
• d. revitalization.
• e. cultural loss.

6
Answer E

• In biblical times, chariots and carts were
  widespread in the Middle East, but by the 6th
  century roads had deteriorated so much that
  wheeled vehicles were replaced by camels. This
  illustrates that cultural change is sometimes due
  to cultural loss.

7
Repressive Change

• People dont always have the liberty to make
  their own choices and changes are forced upon
  them by some other group, in the course of
  conquest and colonialism.
• Acculturation
• Culture changes that people are forced to make as
  a consequence of intensive, firsthand contact
  between societies.
• Ethnocide
• Violent eradication of an ethnic groups cultural
  identity occurs when a dominant society sets out
  to destroy another societys cultural heritage.
• Genocide
• Extermination of one people by another, in the
  name of progress, either as a deliberate act or
  as the accidental outcome of activities carried
  out by people with little regard for their impact
  on others.

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Repressive Change GenocideEthnographic Examples

• Two examples of attempted genocide in the 20th
  century Hitlers Germany against Jews and
  Gypsies in the 1930s and the 1940s and Hutus
  against Tutsis in Rwanda, as in this 1994
  massacre.

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Repressive Change GenocideCivil War in Darfur
(ex from Ch. 12)
Example http//video.nationalgeographic.com/vide
o/player/places/countries-places/sudan/sudan_overv
iew.html Darfur (part of Sudan). Also see for
more info http//www.nytimes.com/2004/05/15/opini
on/15iht-edofahey_ed3_.html?pagewanted1.
Emmanual Jal (Child soldier in Sudan) http//vide
o.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/places/count
ries-places/sudan/sudan_thewarchild.html
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Escaping Repressive ChangeInternational Refugees
11
Opposition of ChangeTradition

• In a modernizing society, old cultural practices,
  which may oppose new forces of differentiation
  and integration.

12
Opposition of ChangeRevitalization Movements

• A movement that forms in an attempt to
  deliberately bring about change in a society
• Usually occurs when a dominating culture
  overwhelms (politically, socially, economically)
  a subordinate one.
• Introduction of items/technologies to the
  subordinate culture might mean the destruction of
  the culture and assimilation into the dominating
  culture.
• If people from the subordinating culture survive,
  they are more often than not living on the
  fringes of the dominating society and are
  demoralized (their worldview, culture, mythology
  has either been destroyed or changed so radically
  as to be unrecognizable).
• Revitalization movements then occur
• Ex Celtic revival in Ireland

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Opposition of ChangeRebellion and Revolution

• Rebellion
• Organized armed resistance to an established
  government or authority in power.
• Revolution
• Sudden and radical change in a society or
  culture. In the political arena, it refers to the
  forced overthrow of an old government and
  establishment of a completely new one.
• A revolution is a more severe and total change
  than a rebellion.

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Rebellion and RevolutionConditions

• Loss of prestige of established authority.
• Threat to recent economic improvement.
• Indecisiveness of government.
• Loss of support of the intellectual class.
• A leader or group of leaders with enough charisma
  or popular appeal to mobilize the population
  against the establishment.

15
Rebellion and RevolutionArmed Conflict
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Rebellion and RevolutionChild Soldiers(Slide
from Ch 12)

• Today, there are more than 250,000 child
  soldiers, many as young as 12 years old. Among
  them are these boys training to be guerrillas in
  Sahel, Eritrea.
• Emmanual Jal (Child soldier in Sudan)
• http//video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/p
  laces/countries-places/sudan/sudan_thewarchild.htm
  l
• More on the Civil War in the Darfur area of
  Sudan

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Modernization

• Modernization refers to a process of change by
  which traditional, nonindustrial societies
  acquire characteristics of technologically
  complex societies.
• Accelerated modernization interconnecting all
  parts of the world is known as Globalization.

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Modernization Subprocesses

1. Technological development
2. Agricultural development
3. Industrialization
4. Urbanization