Joints

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Joints
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Classification of Joints

• Structural Classification
• Presence or absence of a space (synovial cavity)/
• Type of Connective Tisssue/
• Functional Classification
• Relates to the degree of movement they permit.

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Structural Classification of Joints

• Fibrous Joints
• Fibrous CT
• Lack a synovial cavity
• Cartilaginous Joints
• Cartilage
• Lack a synovial cavity
• Synovial Joints
• Have a synovial cavity
• Dense irregular CT
• Often associated with accessory ligaments

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Functional Classification of Joints

• Synarthrosis (syn together)
• Immovable joint
• Amphiarthrosis (amphi on both sides)
• A slightly moveable joint
• Diarthrosis (moveable joint)
• A freely moveable joint
• Synovial joints

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Fibrous Joints

• Lacks a synovial cavity
• Little or no movement

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Fibrous Joints

• Sutures
• Immovable
• Synostosis suture that is replaced by bone in
  the adult
• Syndesmoses
• Slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis)
• Ligament
• Interosseous membrane
• Gomphoses
• Dentoalveolar joint

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Cartilaginous Joints

• Lacks a synovial cavity
• Allows little or no movement
• Synchondroses
• Epiphyseal plate
• Symphyses
• Pubic symphisis
• Intervertebral discs

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Synovial Joints

• Synovial (Joint) Cavity space btwn. Bones
• Freely moveable
• The bones are covered by hyaline cartilage
• Contains the following
• Articular capsule
• Synovial fluid
• Accsessory ligaments and articular discs

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Arthroscopy

• Observaion of the interior of a joint
• Utilizes a lighted, pencil-thin instrument
• Assists in surgery and assessment of the joint
  space

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Sprain Strain

• Sprain a forcible wrenching or twisting of the
  joint that stretches or tears its ligaments, but
  does not dislocate the bones.
• The ankle joint is the most often sprained.
• The lumbar spine is another prominent location of
  sprain.
• Strain a stretched or partially torn muscle.

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Bursae Tendon Sheaths

• Bursae
• Saclike structures
• Reduce friction in some synovial joints
• Tendon sheaths
• Tubelike bursae that wrap around tendons
• Occurs where tendons pass through synovial
  cavities
• Reduce friction

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Bursitis

• An acute or chronic inflammation of a bursa
• Caused by trauma or infection
• Repeated excessive exertion
• Symptoms
• Pain, swelling, inflammation limited movement
• Treatment
• Oral anti-inflammatory agents (herbal, O.T.C. And
  prescription), corticosteroid injections

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Types of Synovial Joints

• Plantar Joints
• Hinge Joints
• Pivot Joints
• Condyloid Joints
• Saddle Joints
• Ball Socket Joints

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Types of Movements at Synovial Joints

• Gliding
• Simple back and forth movement, limited in range,
  planar joints
• Angular Movements
• Increase or decrease in the angle btwn. bones
• Rotation
• Bone revolves around a longitudinal axis
• Special Movements

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Angular Movements

• Flexion, extension, lateral flexion,
  hyperextension
• Abduction, adduction, and circumduction

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Rotation

• Medial (internal) rotation
• Lateral (external) rotation

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Special Movements

• Elevation
• Depression
• Protraction
• Retraction
• Inversion

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Special Movements

• Eversion
• Dorsiflexion
• Plantar flexion
• Supination
• Pronation
• Opposition

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Dislocation

• Luxation displacement of a bone from a joint
• Causes tearing or ligaments, tendons, and
  articular capsules
• Subluxation
• Incomplete dislocation

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Rotator Cuff Injury

• Supraspinatous
• Infraspinatous
• Teres Minor
• Subscapularis
• Common injury among pitchers and volleyball
  players due to excessive circumduction

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Separated Shoulder

• Injury of the acromioclavicular joint
• Due to forceful trauma such as when the shoulder
  strikes the ground in a fall

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Tennis Elbow

• Lateral epicondylitis
• Little-league elbow

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Golfers Elbow

• Medial Epicondylitis

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Dislocation of the Radial Head

• The most common upper limb dislocation in
  children
• Occurs with a strong pull to the forearm while it
  is extended and supinated
• Swinging a child around with outstretched arms

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Swollen Knee

• Immediate swelling is due to blood loss
• Delayed swelling is due to excessive production
  of synovial fluid water on the knee

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Dislocated Knee

• Displacement of the tibia relative to the femur
• Most commonly dislocates anteriorly

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Rheumatism

• Any painful disorder of the supporting structures
  of the body bones, ligaments, tendons, or
  muscles that is not caused by infection or
  injury.

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Arthritis

• A form of rheumatism in which the joints are
  swollen, stiff, and painful.

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Types of Arthritis

• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
• Autoimmune disease the body attacks its own
  tissues
• Osteoarthritis (OA)
• Degenerative joint disease
• Gouty arthritis
• A person with gout produces excessive uric acid
  or is unable to excrete it properly

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Lyme Disease

• First reported in Lyme, CT
• Bacteria transported by deer ticks
• The rash often resembles a bulls eye target,
  although some people never develop a rash
• Symptoms
• Joint stiffness, fever, chills, headache, stiff
  neck, nausea

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Terminology

• Arthralgia pain in a joint
• Bursectomy removal of a bursa
• Chondritis inflammation of cartilage
• Synovitis inflammation of a synovial membrane
  in a joint