The Hidden Costs of Feeding HighFiber Finishing Pig Diets

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The Hidden Costs of Feeding High-Fiber Finishing
Pig Diets

• Developed for the
• American Soybean Associations
• 12th Annual Southeast Asian
• Feed Technology Nutrition Workshop
• Dr. Bob Thaler
• SDSU Extension Swine Specialist

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Success Balancing Act

• Inputs
• Feed
• Building
• Young pig
• Interest
• Labor
• Utilities

Output - Value of the pig
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• Producers are paid more money for leaner pigs
• Do they want more lean meat or less fat?
• Technologies to get pigs with less fat
• Genetics
• Nutrition
• Feed additives
• Slaughter weight
• Feed low energy diets

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Gross Energy
Fecal Energy
Digestible energy
Urine Gas Energy
Metabolizable Energy
Heat Increment
Net Energy
Maintenance Energy
Productive Energy
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Productive Energy

• Productive energy used to make lean tissue as
  long as all other essential nutrients are
  available
• Once any of the essential nutrients are gone,
  lean deposition stops and the excess
  energy/nutrients are deposited as fat
• By decreasing energy fed, decrease the amount of
  energy available to make fat
• However, also decrease amount of energy available
  to make lean tissue

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Times Have CHANGED !!!
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• Cant use 30 year old technology in todays
  swine production and be successful long-term in a
  world market

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Methods to Evaluate Inputs

• Feed represents 65-75 cost of production
  minimize that cost!
• Traditional Diet cost/ton
• Low quality ingredients
• Marginal nutrient levels
• No evaluation of pig performance
• Feed cost/kg of gain
• Considers diet cost/ton feed efficiency
• Doesnt consider days to market, carcass quality,
  etc

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Effects of Feeding High-Fiber Diets

• Lowers daily gain
• Less product produced/facility so fixed costs
  (building, labor, interest, utilities, etc) must
  be spread over fewer pigs
• Higher fixed cost/pig
• What does it do to carcass quality
• Reduces fat thickness
• Reduces muscle deposition?

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Effect of Energy Level on Fat Thickness
Stein Easter, 1997
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Effect of Energy on Loin Eye Area
Stein Easter, 1997
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Effect of Energy on Lean Gain/Day
Stein Easter, 1997
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Less Fat vs More lean Fewer Days

• Lowest energy pigs took 8 days longer to reach
  market weight
• The more your barns are utilized, the more
  economically important days become
• Using 1997 US Prices for feed, pigs, barns
• Highest energy pigs returned 47.05/pig
  space/year
• Lowest energy pigs returned 21.58/pig space/year
• Results will vary according to economic
  importance of all traits on each operation

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Effect of Fat Additions on Economics(Tokach et
al, 2002)

• Looked at cost/benefit ratio of adding 0, 2, 4,
  or 6 fat to grow-finish diets
• Constant lysinecalorie ratio (36-120 kg BW)
• Every 1 fat addition
• Improved gain by 1
• Improved feed efficiency by 2
• Greatest effect in the earlier growth phases

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Effect of Fat Additions on Economics(Tokach et
al, 2002)

• Feed cost/kg gain not improved with fat additions
• However, when added the economic benefit of fewer
  days to market, the high fat diets returned an
  extra 2.04/pig

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Do Low Energy Feeds Really Lower Diet Costs?

• Basic Assumptions
• Diet composition
• 15 protein
• .88 lysine
• 3265 kcal ME/kg
• Ingredient costs
• Corn .214/kg
• SBM, 46.5 .384/kg
• Copra (10 inclusion) .125/kg
• Rice bran, D1 .134/kg

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Economic Comparisons of Diets Containing 0, 5, or
10 Rice Bran (D1)

• Diet cost/1000 kg
• 0 Rice Bran 269.30
• 5 Rice Bran 264.10
• 10 Rice Bran 258.10
• Diet Cost Savings
• 5.20 to 11.20/ton of feed
• What happens to growth rate (.10/pig/day), feed
  intake, feed efficiency, carcass quality, and
  what are those COSTS?

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Calculating Cost of Feed Efficiency

• (New diet cost Old diet cost) 100
• Old diet cost
• change in feed efficiency needed to breakeven
• 269.30 - 264.10 100 1.97
• 264.10
• So if feeding 5 rice bran worsens feed
  efficiency by more than 1.97, youve lost money

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Calculating Cost of Feed Efficiency

• From 20 100 kg BW, a pig eats 227 kg feed
• 0 RB .2693/kg 227 kg 61.13
• 5 RB .2641/kg 227 kg 59.95
  1.18/pig
• If pigs eat 4.5 kg (1.97 more) of the 5 RB diet
  to make up for the lower energy, it will cost
  more feed to get the pig to market
• .2641/kg 231.5 kg feed 61.14 feed/pig

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Calculating Cost of Feed Efficiency

• For the 10 rice bran diet, that equates into a
• 269.30 - 258.10 100 4.4
• 258.10
• So if a pig fed the 10 rice bran diet eats 9.9
  kg more feed, the cheaper diet has cost you
• (.2581/kg 236.9 kg feed 61.14 feed/pig)
• Will a pig eat 4.4 more of a 10 rice bran diet?

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Effect of Fiber Level on Nutrient Digestibility
(Dilger et al., 2001)

• Added 0, 3, 6, or 9 soy hulls
• As soy hull level increased, observed a strong
  linear decrease in digestibilities of
• Dry matter
• Energy
• Nitrogen
• Amino acids
• For every 1 fiber added, these digestibilities
  decreased by at least 1

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Effect of Fiber Level on Nutrient Digestibility
(Dilger et al., 2001)

• High fiber high rate of passage
• Less time nutrients are in the digestive tract
• More nutrients excreted
• More total manure volume
• More nitrogen in the manure
• More phosphorus in the manure
• Increasing environmental cost

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Summary

• Feeding low fiber diets will decrease fat
  thickness
• However, it negatively affects days to market,
  protein deposition, and environmental integrity
• Better methods to increase lean decrease fat
• Economics are different for every operation

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Growth rate is very important it is hard to
make money out of slow growing pigs Roger
Campbell