Animal Nutrition

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Animal Nutrition

• AgriScience 2

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Digestion Review
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Ruminant Digestion

• Food goes into rumen or reticulum
• No division between the two
• Metal objects, go into the reticulum (honeycomb)
• The rumen is full of bacteria that help break
  down the food (roughages)
• Bacteria can change nutrients from roughages to
  proteins so ruminants do not need large amounts
  of roughages
• Ruminants get most of their energy from roughages
• Omasum
• Leaves of a book

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True Stomachs

• Monogastrics
• Stomach
• Poultry
• Proventriculus
• Ruminants
• Abomasum

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Questions

• Are horses nonruminants or ruminants?
• Do we feed horses large amounts of roughages or
  concentrates?
• How do we justify this?

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Cecums-The Blind Gut

• In most animals
• Is of very little importance
• Connected to the large intestine
• Very important in horses
• Contains bacteria, much like a rumen
• Breaks down roughages and is why horses consume
  large amounts of roughages
• Not as efficient as a rumen

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Essential Nutrients
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Proteins

• Phenylalanine
• Valine
• Tryptophan
• Threonine
• Isoleucine
• Mehtionine
• Histidine
• Arginine
• Lysine
• Leucine

• P
• V
• T
• T
• I
• M
• H
• A
• L
• L

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Carbohydrates

• Composed of sugars, starches, and fiber
• Provide energy to animals
• Glucose, sucrose,lactose,galactose

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Fats and oils

• Only needed in small amounts
• Found in adequate amounts in most proteins

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Vitamins

• Are catalysts for other body processes
• Fat soluble- A, D, E, K,
• Water Soluble- C, B complex, B12

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Minerals

• Are a main component of the skeletal system and
  chemical processes in body.
• Major- Ca, P, NaCl
• Trace-Fe, Ca, Mn, I, Co, S, Mg, Zn, K, Bo

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Animal Feedstuffs-Sources of Nutrients
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Roughages

• Contain more than 18 fiber when dry
• Dry Forages-Hay, Stover
• Ensiled forages-Silage
• Green Forages-Pasture, Greenchop

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Roughages

• Two types of plants
• Legumes
• Alfalfa
• Clovers
• Soybeans
• Non-legumes
• Corn silage
• Grasses
• Grain straw

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Concentrates

• Contain less than 18 fiber when dry
• Two types
• Energy feeds
• Less than 20 protein
• Corn, oats, barley, rye, wheat
• Protein supplements
• More than 20 protein
• Animal proteins
• Vegetable proteins

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Nutrient content of Feeds analysis

• Do activity

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Developing a Feeding Program
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Feed Additives

• Antimicrobial Drugs-
• Antibiotics- made from bacteria
• Chemoantibacterials-chemicals
• Anthelmintics- kill parasites
• Hormones/Hormone-like
• Miscellaneous-

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Ration Characteristics

• Ration
• Feed given to an animal during a 24hr. period
• Balanced Ration
• All the nutrients the animal needs in the right
  proportions and amounts for a 24 hr period.
• Palatable
• The food must taste good in order for the animal
  to eat it

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Sampling Analyzing Feeds

• To properly balance a ration you must know the
  composition of the feed
• When getting feeds sampled take a representative
  sample
• Make samples random

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Ration Functions
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Maintenance Ration

• Is used to maintain the life of the animal
• Energy for functioning of the body and body
  organs
• These activities are grouped to make up what is
  called basal metabolism
• All rations use some of their energy for
  maintenance of the animal
• If all of the ration is being used for
  maintenance their will not be energy for any
  other life processes

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Growth Ration

• Used for growth of animals
• Help animals become mature
• Increase size of muscles, bones, organs, and
  connective tissues
• If an animal does not get a proper growth ration
  when they are young they will likely not be
  productive when they become mature

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Fattening Ration

• Extra food in the ration that is not used for
  maintenance or growth
• Stored in the tissues
• Fat within the muscles is called?
• Marbling

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Production

• Production is for animals who are feeding their
  young
• Production of milk for young in mammals
• Eggs for birds such as chickens
• Wool for sheep
• Production requires extra nutrients

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Reproduction

• Animal may become sterile if it does not get
  enough nutrition
• What does sterile mean?
• Animal cannot be bred
• In animals already pregnant if there is not
  enough nutrition then
• Could have an abortion
• Most of the growth of the fetus takes place in
  the last trimester of the pregnancy

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Work

• When do animals do work?
• Oxen pulling a plow (old days)
• Horses when they are riden
• Animals sweat when they work and this takes extra
  energy

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Life Cycle Feeding

• Pre-Weaning
• Grower
• Finishing
• Pre-Breeding
• Gestation
• Lactation

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Developing a Balanced Ration
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Dry Matter Basis vs. As-fed Basis

• 100 percent dry matter
• Data presented as all moisture is removed from
  the feed
• As-fed Basis
• Data collected with average amount of moisture in
  the feed

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Conversions

• As-fed to dry matter basis
• AB x C
• Dry matter to as-fed basis
• B A/C
• Where
• Apounds of feed on 100 dry matter basis
• Bpounds of feed on as-fed basis
• C dry matter in the feed

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Balance on Protein

• Total Protein
• Amount of protein in the ration
• Crude Protein
• Metabolizable Protein
• Digestible Protein

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Balance on Energy
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Balance on TDN

• Total Digestible Nutrients- TDN
• total of digestible protein, nitrogen-free
  extract, digestible crude fiber, and 2.25 times
  the digestible fat

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Balancing Rations- Pearson Square
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Steps

• Draw a square with lines connecting the opposite
  corners.
• Write the protein need in the center of the
  square where the lines cross.
• Write the feeds to be used and their crude
  protein percents at the left-hand corners of the
  square.

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Steps

• Subtract the smaller number from the larger along
  the diagonal lines.
• Write the difference at the opposite end of the
  diagonals.
• Difference in s on the left should equal the
  sum of s on the right

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Steps

• Divide parts of each feed by the total parts to
  find the percents of each feed in the ration.
  (you will have to take the number you find and
  multiply by 100 to find the percent)
• In other words divide each number on the right by
  the sum of the numbers on the right.

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Pearson Square
8.9
45.8-1431.8
14
14-8.95.1
45.8
45.8-8.936.9
31.85.136.9
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Steps

• 31.8/36.986.2 Corn
• 5.1/36.913.8 Soybean oil meal