Potential Relationships between exposure situations and disease conditions

1
Potential Relationships between exposure
situations and disease conditions
Health condition of
Exposure situations
concern
Polluted
Excreta and
Polluted water or
Polluted
Unhealthy
Global
Air
household
deficiencies in water
food
housing
environmental
wastes
management
change

Acute respiratory


infections




Diarrhoeal diseases




Malaria and other
vector-borne
diseases





Other infections



Cancer


Cardiovascular
diseases


Mental disorders


Chronic respiratory
diseases





Injuries and
poisonings
Source The World Health Report 1998. Life in the
21st Century A Vision for All (NB last column
modified )
2
Health and environment cause-effect framework
3
DPSEEA Climate and Health
International agreements National policies
Global, national, monitoring
National, international agency mitigation, adaptat
ion strategies Treatment
CVD Respiratory
Mal- nutrition
Infectious diseases
Injuries Drownings
Mental health
Effect
4
Human health impacts and vulnerability to
climate change
Water resources impacts
Impacts on coastal areas
Species and natural areas
Agriculture impacts
Forests impacts
Adaptive
Health impacts
capacity
5
Health effects
Pathways by which climate change affects health
Temperature related illness and death Extreme
weather related health effects Air pollution
related health effects Water and food
borne diseases Vector and rodent
borne Diseases Psychological effects Malnutritio
n
Moderating influences

• Regional weather
• changes
• Heatwaves
• Extreme weather
• Temperature
• Precipitation

• Contamination
• pathways
• Transmission
• dynamics
• Food
• availability
• Migration

Climate Change
Adaptation measures
Research
Adapted from Patz et al, 2000
6
Causal web Climate variability and diarrheal
disease
Unsafe and limited
water
Drought
Hygiene difficult
Nutritional deficiencies
Contamination from pit
latrines, septic tanks
and sewage systems
Diarrheal
Climate
Floods
Debris and carcasses in
disease
variability
rivers
Failure of water
treatment facilities
Food spoilage
Temperature
increase
Algal
blooms
7

• Current and future actions
• Global, regional burden of disease assessment
• Assessing early health impacts of climate change
• National health impact assessment guidelines
• National adaptation strategies for health
• Pilot warning system projects (e.g. heatwaves)
• Joint WHO/UNEP/WMO activities
• Capacity building
• Information exchange
• Research promotion

8
Adaptive actions for the health sector primary
adaptive measures actions taken to prevent the
onset of disease arising from environmental
disturbances, in an otherwise unaffected
population (e.g. supply of bed nets to all
members of a population at risk of exposure to
malaria, early warning systems, integrated
environmental management) secondary adaptive
measures preventive actions taken in response to
early evidence of health impacts (e.g.
strengthening disease surveillance and responding
adequately to disease outbreaks) tertiary
adaptive measures health-care actions taken to
lessen the morbidity or mortality caused by the
disease (e.g. improved diagnosis and treatment of
malaria)
9
Examples of primary and secondary adaptive
measures to reduce health impacts
Impact Primary adaptive measures
Secondary adaptive measures Heat -Heatwave
warning systems -Health personnel educated
to stress -Urban planning
detect and treat heat stress Extreme
-Disaster preparedness and mitigation
-Disaster response weather -Early warning
systems events -Disaster protection
measures Infectious -Integrated environmental
-Disease surveillance and diseases
management monitoring
-Control of vector-, food- and
water- borne diseases
10
Examples of primary and secondary adaptive
measures to reduce health impacts
Impact Primary adaptive measures Secondary
adaptive measures Food -International
mechanisms of -Monitoring and
surveillance security agriculture, trade and
finance -Implementation of nutrition
-Seasonal climate forecasting action plans
-Famine early warning systems -National and
local agriculture measures Water -Pollution
reduction and control policies -Monitoring
and surveillance -Demand management and water
-Capacity building allocation
policies -Waste water treatment
-Economic and regulatory measures to
increase irrigation efficiency -Capacity
building
11
climate Change and Adaptation Strategies for
Human health (cCASHh)
Outreach
V

A

E
W

E
,
ulnerability
to
xtreme
eather
vents
ssessment

V
B

D
,
W
F

b

D
of
orn
ector
iseases
of
ater
ood
orn
iseases
E
E
P
I
olicy
ntegrated
pidemiologal
conomic
A
A
A
Evaluation
nalysis
ssessment
ssessment
WHO
Feem
WHO
ICIS
LSHTM
dWd
NIPH
SU
dWd
Framework for adaptation
Pik
Current available datasets, Monitoring results
Research results