Safety

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Safety
Runway
Initiative
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Participants

• Airbus
• Embraer
• ACI
• IATA
• ERA
• Eurocontrol
• AAPA
• US NTSB
• AEA
• Honeywell
• ALPA

• EASA
• CANSO
• IFALPA
• FAA/CAST
• LVNL
• Boeing
• DGAC France
• Flight Safety Foundation
• IFATCA
• NLR
• ALTA

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RSI Meetings
1. Initial RSI meeting in Amsterdam 7 and 8
Feb 2007 2. Meeting in Brussels 30 and 31 May
2007 3. Meeting in Toulouse 6 and 7 September
2007 4. Meeting in Miami 9 and 10 January
2008 5. Meeting at NTSB in Washington on 7 and
8 May 2008 6. Meeting at EASA in Cologne on 20
and 21 August 2008 7. Meting in Seattle on 13
and 14 November 2008 8. Meeting in Brussels
on 25 and 26 February 2009 9. Steering team
meeting at FSF on 16 and 17 April 2009
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DefinitionA runway safety issue is any safety
issue that deals with the runway environment (or
any surface being used as a runway) and the areas
immediately adjacent to it (e.g., overruns,
high-speed taxiways).
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Runway Safety Issues

• Runway Incursions

• Runway Confusion

• Runway Excursion

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ICAO Definition of Runway Incursion Any
occurrence at an aerodrome involving the
incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or
person on the protected area of a surface
designated for the landing and takeoff of
aircraft.
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2007 runway safety events
- TAROM runway incursion accident (0 fatalities)
- S7 excursion report from MAK (126 fatalities)
- Garuda excursion in Indonesia (21 fatalities)
- TAM excursion (187 fatalities)
- Southwest Airlines Midway excursion report
- Air France A340 Toronto excursion report
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2008 Runway Safety Events
- Hewa Bora DC-9 excursion (3 Fatal)
- Kalitta B747 excursion (0 fatalities)
- TACA A-320 excursion (3 Fatal)
- Sudan Airways A-310 excursion (30 fatal)
- Continental excursion in Denver (0 fatalities)
- Several corporate aircraft fatal excursions
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2008 Runway Safety Data
Total Accidents 97 (44 Jet/53 TP all Western
and Eastern built commercial jet and turboprop
aircraft, Major or substantial damage)
Total Incursion Accidents 0
Total Confusion Accidents 0
Total Excursion Accidents 38 (39) - 32
Fatalities
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Data Availability

• Runway Incursions - Good

• Runway Excursions - Good for Accidents
  and Incidents with Damage

• Runway Confusion - Limited (normally no
  damage, no injury, no loss of
  separation)

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1977 - KLM / Pan Am
Los Rodeos Airport, Tenerife, Canary Islands
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USAir Runway Incursion Accident Los Angeles
Controller cleared aircraftto land with another
aircraft on the runway.
February 1991
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SASOctober 2001
Milan, Italy
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Runway Incursions

• Part of the new breed of safety challenge
  - Not a lot of accidents - Numerous incidents

• Basic Risk Management Risk (Probability)
  X (Severity)

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Runway Excursion When an aircraft on the runway
surface departs the end or the side of the runway
surface. Runway excursions can occur on
takeoff or on landing. They consist of two types
of events Veer-Off Excursion in which an
aircraft departs the side of a
runway Overrun A runway excursion in which an
aircraft departs the end of a
runway
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The Players

• Aircraft Manufacturers

• Operators - Aircrews - Management

• Airports

• ATC

• Regulators

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Manufacturers

• Safe/reliable aircraft

• Data and procedures for normal operations

• Data and procedures for non- normal
  operations

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Operators

• Stabilized approach criteria

• True no-fault go-around policy

• Training

• Decision making
• - On approach - On the runway

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Airports

• Airport design

• Lighting

• Approach aids (e.g. ILS, VASI, PAPI)

• Runway design (crown, grooved, porous)

• Runway markings and signage

• Runway clearing/cleaning

• Runway condition measurement

• Runway end safety areas

• Airport ARFF

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,
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ATC

• Stabilized approach assistance

• Pertinent and timely information
• - Weather - Runway condition

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Regulator

• Provide appropriate and professional
  oversight

• Stabilized approach requirements
• - Approaches with vertical guidance

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Runway Safety Products Catalog
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Runway Incursion Product Title
Originator
Type Product Target Audience 1. ICAO
Runway Safety Toolkit ICAO
CD and web Aircrew, Airports,
ATM,

Management 2.
Runway and Surface Safety FAA
CD and web Flight
Instructors

Pilot
Examiners 3. Taxi 101
FAA CD
and web Maintenance personnel 4.
Runway Incursion Prevention FAA, ACI,
CD and web Aircrew,
Airports, ATM Program
IATA, PAAST 5. European
Action Plan for the Eurocontrol et al
CD and web Aircrews, Airports, ATM
Prevention of Runway Incursions

Vehicle drivers 6. Runway Incursion CAST JSIT
FAA (CAST) CD
Aircrews, Airports, ATM
Reports 7. FAA Runway Safety Website
FAA Web site
Aircrews, ATM, Vehicle


Drivers 8. Enhanced Taxiway Centerline
FAA CD and web
Aircrews, ATM, Airports 9. AOPA Runway
Safety Course FAA, AOPA
Web site General Aviation
Pilots 10. ALPA Runway Safety Course
FAA, ALPA Web site
Aircrews 11. ACI Airside Safety Handbook
ACI Handbook
Airports 12. Runway Safety Its
Everybodys FAA
Handbook Pilots, Controllers
Business 13. Pilot Guide to Runway Safety
Sportys CD
General Aviation Pilots
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Runway Safety Products Catalog

• Runway Excursion
• Product Title
  Originator Type Product
  Target Audience
• ALAR Tool Kit Flight
  Safety Foundation CD
  Aircrews, ATM, Airports
• 2. Managing Threats and Errors Flight
  Safety Foundation Web Aircrews
• During Approach and Landing
• How to avoid a Runway Overrun
• 3. Takeoff Safety Training Aid FAA
  CD and web
  Aircrews

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Runway Safety Products Catalog
Runway Confusion
Runway Confusion (Many runway incursion products
may be
applicable here)
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Runway
Confusion
Data
Safety
Incursion
Excursion
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Accident Data19952008 Commercial
Aircraft (Substantial and Major Damage, Western-
and Eastern-built Turbojets and Turboprops)
Jets
Turboprops Major Substantial
Major Substantial 286
372 528
243Total 658
771 1,429 Total Accidents
(of all types, not just runway safety accidents)
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Runway Safety Accident Data199520081,429
Total Accidents
Number Percent of
Total Incursions 10 (.7/year)
.6
Confusion 4 (.3/year)
.3
Excursions 417 (29.8/year) 29
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Runway Safety Data19952008Runway Excursion
Data

• 36 of jet accidents

• 24 of turboprop accidents

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Runway Safety Fatality Data19952008
1,429 Total Accidents492 fatal accidents (33)
Number of Fatal Accidents
(Onboard Fatalities) Incursions 5
(129)
Confusion 2 (132)
Excursions 34 (712)
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Fatal and Non-Fatal Runway Accidents by Type,
1995 Through 2008
Fatal
Runway Confusion
Non-Fatal
Runway Incursion
Runway Excursion
Number of Accidents
47
79
21
48
63
37
49
53
47
50
41
36
17
6
51
43
35
19
3
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Takeoff Excursions Top 10 Factors
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Landing Excursions Top 10 Factors
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Corp/Biz Aircraft vs. Full Fleet - Landing
Excursions
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Runway Safety Observations

• Data shows we are being effective in
  preventing runway incursion accidents, but
  the number of incidents and severity still
  indicates a very high risk

• Data shows runway excursions are the most
  common type of runway safety accident (96)
  and the most common type of fatal runway
  safety accident (80)

• Severity of runway excursions dependent on
  - Energy of aircraft when departing the runway
  - Airport layout, geography, and rescue
  capability

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Runway Safety Observations

• New procedures (e.g., Auckland, NZ) may be
  helpful in reducing the risk in some runway
  incursion and runway confusion situations
  but not all

• In the case of runway confusion, many runway
  incursion interventions may be useful (e.g.,
  moving map)

• In the case of runway excursions, a major
  risk reduction factor is flying a stabilized
  approach with landing in the touchdown zone

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Basics
- Stabilized approach with landing in
touchdown zone
- Energy Mass X V2
- Effect of reverse thrust is significantly
greater on a contaminated runway
- Calculations and rules are important, but so
is adhering to the conditions used to calculate
them e.g., abort past V1 Land
long, land fast
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Top Mitigating Factors

• A mishandled Rejected Takeoff (RTO) increases
  risk of takeoff runway excursion
• Operators should emphasize and train for proper
  execution of RTO decision
• Training should emphasize recognition of takeoff
  rejection issues
• Sudden loss or degradation of thrust
• Tire and other mechanical failures
• Flap and spoiler configuration issues
• Training should emphasize directional control
  during deceleration
• CRM and adherence to SOPs are critical in time
  critical situations such as RTOs

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Top Mitigating Factors (cont.)

• Takeoff performance calculation errors increase
  the risk of a takeoff runway excursion
• Operators should have a process to ensure proper
  weight and balance, including error detection
• Operators should have a process to ensure
  accurate takeoff performance data

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Top Mitigating Factors (cont.)

• Unstable approaches increase the risk of landing
  runway excursions
• Operators should define, publish, and train the
  elements of a stabilized approach
• Crews should recognize that fast and high on
  approach, high at threshold, and fast, long and
  hard touchdowns are major factors leading to
  landing excursions
• ATC/ATM should assist crews to meet stabilized
  approach criteria

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Top Mitigating Factors (cont.)

• Failure to recognize the need for and to execute
  a go-around is a major cause of landing runway
  excursions
• Operator policy should dictate a go-around if an
  approach does not meet the stabilized approach
  criteria
• Operators should implement, and support no-fault
  go-around policies
• Training should reinforce these policies

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Top Mitigating Factors (cont.)

• Contaminated runways increase the risk of runway
  excursions
• Aircrews should be given accurate, useful, and
  timely runway condition information
• A universal, easy to use method of runway
  condition reporting should be developed to reduce
  the risk of runway excursions
• Manufacturers should provide operational and
  performance information to operators for the
  spectrum of runway conditions they might
  experience

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Top Mitigating Factors (cont.)

• Thrust reverser issues increase the risk of
  runway excursions
• Flight crew application of reverse thrust is most
  effective at high speeds
• Flight crews should be prepared for mechanical
  malfunctions and asymmetric deployment

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Top Mitigating Factors (cont.)

• Combinations of risk factors (such as abnormal
  winds and contaminated runways or unstable
  approaches and thrust reverser issues) have an
  undesirable synergistic effect on the risk of
  runway excursions
• Airports and controllers should insure that
  accurate winds for landing are provided to the
  aircrew in a timely manner
• Aircrews should use a runway excursion risk
  awareness tool to increase their awareness of the
  runway excursion risks involved with each landing

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Top Mitigating Factors (cont.)

• Establishing and adhering to standard operating
  procedures (SOPs) will enhance flight crew
  decision making and reduce the risk of runway
  excursions
• Management and aircrews should mutually develop
  SOPs
• SOPs should be regularly reviewed and updated by
  a management and aircrew team

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Top Mitigating Factors (cont.)

• The survivability of a runway excursion depends
  on the energy of the aircraft as it leaves the
  runway surface and the terrain it must traverse
  prior to coming to a stop
• All areas surrounding the runway should conform
  to ICAO Annex 14 specifications
• All runway ends should have a certified runway
  end safety area (RESA) or appropriate substitute
  (e.g., EMAS)
• Aircraft rescue and fire fighting (ARFF)
  personnel should be trained and available at all
  times during flight operations

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Top Mitigating Factors (cont.)

• Universal standards related to the runway and the
  conditions, and comprehensive performance data
  related to aircraft stopping characteristics,
  assist in reducing the risk of runway excursions
• Regulators should develop global, uniform
  standards for runway condition measuring and
  reporting, and aircraft performance data

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Basic Plan

• 3 Critical Items for Success

1. Identify high risk areas (with data)
2. Develop interventions to reduce the
risk in the highest risk areas
3. Get information out internationally
On a regionally tailored basis In a
user friendly format
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Report of the Runway Safety
Initiative Reducing the Risk of Runway
Excursions
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FSF Goal
Make aviation safer by reducing the risk of an
accident