Title: Outline
1Designing novel polar materials through computer
simulations
Serge Nakhmanson North Carolina State University
Outline I. Motivations Why do we need
alternatives to ferroelectric ceramics? II.
Methodology How do we compute
polarization in periodic solids? III. Some
alternatives studied in detail 1.
Boron-Nitride nanotubes 2. Ferroelectric
polymers IV. Conclusions
Acknowledgments NC State University group
Jerry Bernholc Marco Buongiorno Nardelli
Vincent Meunier (now at ORNL)
Wannier functions collaboration Arrigo
Calzolari (U. di Modena) Nicola Marzari (MIT)
Ivo Souza (Rutgers)
Computational facilities DoD Supercomputing
Centers NC Supercomputing Center
2Properties of ferroelectric ceramics
Nature of polarization reduction of symmetry
3BN nanotubes as possible pyro/piezoelectric
materials
hexagonal BN
excellent mechanical properties light and
flexible, almost as strong as carbon nanotubes
(Zhang and Crespi, PRB 2000) chemically inert
proposed to be used as coatings all insulators
with no regard to chirality and constant band-gap
of around 5 eV intrinsically polar due to the
polar nature of B-N bond most of the BN
nanotubes are non-centrosymmetric (i.e. do not
have center of inversion), which is required for
the existence of non-zero spontaneous
polarization Possible applications in
nano-electro-mechanical devices
actuators, transducers, strain and
temperature sensors
4BN nanotubes as possible pyro/piezoelectric
materials
hexagonal BN
excellent mechanical properties light and
flexible, almost as strong as carbon nanotubes
(Zhang and Crespi, PRB 2000) chemically inert
proposed to be used as coatings all insulators
with no regard to chirality and constant band-gap
of around 5 eV intrinsically polar due to the
polar nature of B-N bond most of the BN
nanotubes are non-centrosymmetric (i.e. do not
have center of inversion), which is required for
the existence of non-zero spontaneous
polarization Possible applications in
nano-electro-mechanical devices
actuators, transducers, strain and
temperature sensors
5Ferroelectric polymers
PVDF structural unit
6A simple view on polarization
7Computing polarization in a periodic solid
Modern theory of polarization R. D.
King-Smith D. Vanderbilt, PRB 1993 R.
Resta, RMP 1994
1) Polarization is a multivalued quantity and its
absolute value cannot be computed.
2) Polarization derivatives are well defined and
can be computed.
The scheme to compute polarization with MTP can
be easily formulated in the language of the
density functional theory.
8Berry phases and localized Wannier functions
Computed by finite differences on a fine k-point
grid in the BZ
9Berry phases and localized Wannier functions
10Summary for the theory section
- In an infinite periodic solid polarization can be
computed from the first principles with the help
of Berry phases or localized Wannier functions - This method provides full description of polar
properties of any insulator or semiconductor
11Boron-Nitride Nanotubes
12Piezoelectric properties of zigzag BN nanotubes
Born effective charges
Piezoelectric constants
(w-GaN and w-ZnO data from F. Bernardini, V.
Fiorentini, D. Vanderbilt, PRB 1997)
13Ionic phase in zigzag BN nanotubes
14Ionic phase in zigzag BN nanotubes
15Electronic phase in zigzag BN nanotubes
Berry-phase calculations provide no recipe for
unfolding the electronic phase!
16Problems with electronic Berry phase
17Wannier functions in flat C and BN sheets
Carbon
Boron-Nitride
?
?
No spontaneous polarization in BN sheet due to
the presence of the three-fold symmetry axis
18Wannier functions in C and BN nanotubes
Carbon
Boron-Nitride
19Unfolding the electronic phase
20Total phase in zigzag nanotubes
Zigzag nanotubes are not pyroelectric! What
about a more general case of chiral nanotubes?
All wide BN nanotubes are not pyroelectric! But
breaking of the screw symmetry by bundling
or deforming BNNTs makes them weakly pyroelectric.
21Summary for the BN nanotubes
- Quantum mechanical theory of polarization in BN
nanotubes in terms of Berry phases and Wannier
function centers individual BN nanotubes have no
spontaneous polarization! - BN nanotubes are good piezoelectric materials
that could be used for a variety of novel
nanodevice applications - Piezoelectric sensors
- Field effect devices and emitters
- Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems (NEMS)
- BN nanotubes can be made pyroelectric by
deforming or bundling
22Ferroelectric Polymers (work in progress)
23Dipole summation models for polarization in PVDF
Which model is better? Ab Initio calculations can
help! What about copolymers?
24Polarization in ß-PVDF from the first principles
ß-PVDF polar
25Polarization in PVDF copolymers
ß-PVDF
26Polar materials the big picture
27Conclusions
- Quantum mechanical theory of polarization in
terms of Berry phases and Wannier function
centers fully describes polar properties of any
material - Polar boron-nitride nanotubes or ferroelectric
polymers - are a good alternative/complement to
ferroelectric ceramics - Excellent mechanical properties, environmentally
friendly - Polar properties still substantial
- Numerous applications sensors, actuators,
transducers - Composites?
- Methods for computing polarization can be used
to study and predict - new materials with pre-designed polar properties