The Science of Marine Biology

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The Science of Marine Biology

• UNIT 1
• Intro video

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What is Marine Biology

• Scientific study of organisms of the seas
• Marine bio video

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What is Oceanography?

• Scientific study of the oceans
• Covers geology, chemistry, meterology, biology
• A biological oceanographer focuses on organisms
  in the deep while marine biologists tend to study
  organisms close to shore

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Why study Marine Biology?

• Oceans hold a variety of life- adventurous to
  study
• Provides clues to Earths past
• Source of human wealth
• Food, medicines, raw materials, recreation
• Marine life helps to determine the nature of our
  planet- make oxygen
• To solve problems created by marine organisms-
  barnacles

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History of Marine Biology

• Aristotle considered one of the first marine
  biologists
• He described many forms of marine life
• Recognized gills as the breathing organisms of
  fish
• The Greeks used mathematical principles for
  seafaring and created more accurate maps
• Knew Earth was a sphere

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Latitude/longitude system

• Developed by Greeks
• Latitude east-west
• Longitude north-south
• In degrees
• 1 degree60 minutes
• 1 minute 60 seconds
• Latitude lines never intersect so called
  parallels- 0parallel equator
• Longitude lines called meridians- 0 meridian
  goes through the Royal Naval Observatory in
  Greenwich, England (the prime meridian)

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• Other cultures such as Egyptians, Pacific
  Islanders, the Vikings and Arab traders also
  studied the oceans as well
• Early explorer video
• Polynesians underwent the earliest known regular
  long-distance, open-ocean out of sight of land
  voyages

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Middle Ages (800 A.D -1400)

• A time of intellectual darkness
• Become an illiterate society
• Believed Earth was flat
• Only European voyages were Vikings

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Viking Explorations (790 A.D. 1100)

• Established trade routes with Britain, Ireland,
  Southern Europe, North Africa, and Central Asia.
• Discovered Iceland, Greenland and North America
  (Newfoundland, Canada)
• Contributed to European ship design

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Chinese Explorations

• Invented the magnetic compass (1125)
• Traded with Korea, Japan, and Australia
• Contributed central rudders and watertight
  compartments to ship building

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European Explorations (1400-1700)

• Renaissance period- centered in Italy
• Ocean expeditions were conduced for economic,
  political and religious reasons

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James Cook and the Birth of Marine Science

• An English sea captain
• One of the first to make scientific observations
  on his travels and to include a full time
  naturalist
• Beginning in 1768, he explored all of the oceans
• Used the chronometer- an instrument that helped
  to determine his longitude and latitude and make
  accurate charts

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• First European to see the Antarctic and to land
  in Hawaii, New Zealand, Tahiti and other Pacific
  islands.
• Killed in 1779 in a fight with native Hawaiians
  at Kealakekua Bay Hawaii
• James Cook video

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Charles Darwin

• English Naturalist on the Beagle -1831
• Described atolls- rings of coral reef
• Studied plankton and barnacles

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United States Exploring Expedition

• 1838-1842
• The Wilkes Expedition
• 2 out of 6 ships returned
• Confirmed Antarctica was a continent
• Explored 280 islands
• Collected 2,000 unknown species
• video

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Matthew Maury- Father of Physical Oceanography

• US Naval Officer
• 1834-1841 3 world tours
• 1842 appointed superintendent of Dept of Charts
  and Instruments of the Navy department
• Began publishing his work
• His system for recording oceanic data was adapted
  worldwide especially his studies of currents and
  winds

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The Challenger Expedition- British

• First expedition entirely devoted to marine
  science- 1872 to 1876
• Sailed 80,778 miles
• Report took 23 years to complete
• Discovered the Mid-Atlantic ridge and the
  Marianas Trench

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• Took the first soundings deeper than 4000 meters
• Discovered marine organisms in the deepest part
  of the ocean
• Sampled and illustrated plankton
• Catalogued and identified 715 new genera and 4717
  new species
• NASA named space shuttle after it
• video

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Oceanography Explosion

• Due to Industrial Revolution and the advancement
  of technology
• Rise of steam engines and iron ships
• Development of the diesel engine, electric motor
  and lead-acid battery lead to the development of
  submarines
• Wealthier countries more research therefore
  applied research increased dramatically as well
  as pure research
• The Cold War and global conflict fueled
  scientific discovery

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Important 20th Century Expeditions

• German Meteor expedition- 1925
• One of 1st modern oceanographic research cruises
• Crossed Atlantic 14 times in two years
• Mapped Atlantic seafloor with echo-sounding
  technology- 1st one of its kind

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• Atlantis expedition- U.S.- 1931
• 1st ship built specifically for ocean studies
• Confirmed and mapped the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
• Space shuttle named after it

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• New H.M.S. Challenger II- 1951
• 2 year voyage to the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian
  oceans
• Found deepest part of ocean (the Challenger Deep)
  in the Marianas Trench- 10, 838 meters

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SUBMERSIBLES AND SELF-CONTAINED DIVING
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Submersibles

• 3 basic types
• 1. Bathysphere- developed by William Beebe and
  Otis Barton in the 1930s
• Steel ball with a window and an umbilical
• Only went vertically- attached by a cable to a
  ship
• 1932 Beebe and Barton reached 661 meters

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The bathysphere (1930)
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• 2. Bathyscaphe
• Similar to bathysphere except it was attached to
  a large float instead of to a cable and ship
• Limited horizontal motion because of propellers
• Deepest diving submersibles ever made
• Trieste traveled to the bottom of the Challenger
  Deep

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• 3. Deep-Diving submersibles
• 2-3 person vessels
• Moderate to deep depths
• Good horizontal movement
• No float tanks
• Less fragile
• Robotic arms
• Alvin most famous-discovered the Titanic-Jason
  Project- operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic
  Institute (US Navy)

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Johnson Sealink Submersible
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• Advantages of submersibles
• Great depths
• Duration of dives are longer
• Disadvantages of submersibles
• Very expensive
• Need of support vessels and diving teams
• Very large, so not able to have access to many
  places

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Self-Contained Diving

• 1st was hard-hat (helmet) diving- Englishman
  named Augustus Siebe- 1840
• Good for underwater labor, not good for research
  because it was heavy and required a support team
  and vessel

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• Englishman Henry Fleuss introduced the first
  workable scuba in 1878
• Recirculated pure oxygen which is only usuable to
  a depth of 10 meters or 33 ft
• Frenchman Jacques Cousteau and engineer Emile
  Gagnan developed the scuba system used today in
  1943
• Delivers compressed air and only provides it when
  the diver inhaled
• Easy to use, lightweight, simple, little support
  needed

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• Advantages of SCUBA
• Less expensive
• Very simple- dont need a team
• Portable and small
• More dexterity
• Disadvantages of SCUBA
• Usually limited to about 40-50 m (130-165
  ft)-compressed air and to about 150 m with
  synthetic breathing gases
• Duration is smaller due to cold, pressure, and
  fatigue

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Hardsuits - 1913

• In between a submersible and scuba
• More protection from temp. and pressure
• More mobile than submersibles
• Deeper dives
• Expensive
• Also need some team support as well

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ROVs, AUVs, Electronic Navigation, and Satellites
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ROVs

• Remotely operated vehicle
• Small unmanned submarine with propellers, video
  camera and an umbilical
• Operator at surface
• Can have arms, claws and other tools

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AUVs

• Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
• Untethered robotic device
• Self-contained power systems
• Controlled by an attached computer
• Maneuverable in 3 dimensions

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Electronic navigation

• 1st was LORAN (Long Range Navigation)- 1960s
• Developed into Loran-C- based on radio signals
  from the coast- needed to triangulate to get
  ships position
• Accurate within a few meters
• But only worked where Loran transmitters were
  located
• Accuracy depended on distance from transmitter

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GPS

• Global Positioning System- 1990s
• Developed by U.S. Military
• Receives signals from satellites
• Accurate within 1-2 meters