STRESS MANAGEMENT - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 65
About This Presentation
Title:

STRESS MANAGEMENT

Description:

STRESS MANAGEMENT Waris Qidwai Professor and Chairman Department of Family Medicine The Aga Khan University Karachi - Pakistan Role in the Organization Clarity in the ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:312
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 66
Provided by: ffblComP
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: STRESS MANAGEMENT


1
STRESS MANAGEMENT
  • Waris Qidwai
  • Professor and Chairman
  • Department of Family Medicine
  • The Aga Khan University
  • Karachi - Pakistan

2
Rabindranath Tagore
Man's abiding happiness is not in getting
anythingbut in giving himself up to what is
greater than himself,to ideas which are larger
than his individual life,the idea of his
country, of humanity, of God
3
History
  • Walter Bradford Cannon

Hans Selye
  • Walter Cannon and Hans Selye used animal studies
    to establish the earliest scientific basis for
    the study of stress.
  • They measured the physiological responses of
    animals to external pressures, such as heat and
    cold, prolonged restraint, and surgical
    procedures, then extrapolated from these studies
    to human beings.

4
History
Hans Selye (1907-1982)
Stress is the spice of life
5
DEFINITION OF STRESS
  • An external demand made upon the adaptive
    capacities of the mind and body.
  • If these capacities handle the demand and
    enjoy the stimulation involved, then stress is
    welcome and helpful.
  • If the capacities cannot handle the demand,
    then stress is unwelcome and unhelpful.

6
DEFINITION OF STRESS
  • Stress results when pressure exceeds one's
    perceived ability to cope
  • This concept about stress forms the basis for
    it being Controllable

7
DEFINITION OF STRESS
  • Stress does not necessarily follow the
    presence of a potential stressor
  • It is ultimately a person's thought processes
    that determine the response to potentially
    stressful external

8
STRESS AS A STIMULUS
  • Too many positive or negative changes (such as
    marriage and divorce) occurring in a very short
    period, can tax the adaptive capacity of the
    individual and lead to increased susceptibility
    to mental and physical illness

9
STRESS AS A RESPONSE
  • Stress results in a certain pattern of
    physiological changes such as gastrointestinal,
    glandular and cardiovascular disorders.
  • Moreover, it affects the entire body, not just a
    single part.
  • There are large differences in response within
    and between individuals.

10
(No Transcript)
11
Quotation
  • Adopting the right attitude can convert a
    negative STRESS into a positive one
  • Hans Selye

12
THREE STAGES OF ADAPTASION IN STRESS
  • Alarm reaction
  • When a person is exposed to an unadapted
    stimulus there is an initial shock (in which
    resistance is lowered) followed by a rebound
    reaction (counter shock phase) during which the
    organisms defence mechanisms become active.
  • Stage of resistance During this stage the
    persons full adaptation may lead to
  • successful return to equilibrium.
  • 3. Stage of exhaustion In case of failure of
    adaptability the organism becomes exhausted.

13
HUMAN FUNCTION CURVE
Intended Performance
PERFORMANCE
Exhaustion
III Health
Fatigue
Actual Performance
P
Healthy Tension
Breakdown
AROUSAL
P The point at which minimum arousal may bring
on a breakdown
14
STRESSORS
  • Environmental
  • Work related
  • Interpersonal
  • Life events

15
(No Transcript)
16
Quotation
  • The human body has been designed to resist an
    infinite number of changes and attacks brought
    about by its environment. The secret of good
    health lies in successful adjustment to changing
    Stresses on the body
  • Harry J. Johnson 

17
PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
  • Back Pain
  • Constipation
  • Diarrhoea
  • Dizziness
  • Dry Mouth
  • Excess Perspiration
  • Excessive Hunger
  • Exhaustion
  • Headaches
  • Heart Burn
  • Insomnia
  • Muscle Spasms
  • Nausea
  • No Appetite
  • Pounding Heart
  • Shortness of Breath
  • Skin Rashes
  • Upset Stomach

18
PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMSAND SIGNS
  • Anger
  • Anxiety
  • Apathy
  • Boredom
  • Depression
  • Fatigue
  • Fear of Death
  • Frustration
  • Guilt
  • Hopelessness
  • Hostility
  • Impatience
  • Inability to Concentrate
  • Irritability
  • Rejection
  • Restlessness

19
BEHAVIOURAL SYMPTOMSAND SIGNS
  • Overreacting
  • Stuttering
  • Swearing
  • Touching Hair, Ears, or Nose
  • Trembling Hands
  • Biting Lips
  • Foot Tapping
  • Grinding Teeth
  • Impulsive Actions
  • Moving in Tense, Jerky ways
  • Nervous Tics

20
(No Transcript)
21
STRESS AND HEALTH
  • Accidents
  • Accidents at home, on the roads, and at work
    are more likely to occur when individuals are
    under stress.
  • People are more easily distracted when
    abnormally anxious.

22
INFECTIONS AND IMMUNESYSTEM
  • Stress impairs the workings of the immune
    system, which may lead to greater susceptibility
    from infections.
  • Stress is significantly associated with
    subsequent infections, in particular those of
    the respiratory tract.

23
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE STROKES
  • It was demonstrated that the incidence of raised
    blood pressure and strokes was three to four
    times greater in the Air Traffic Controllers than
    in comparable workers in other occupations

24
HEART DISEASE
  • In the 1960s Friedman and Rosenman, found that
    heart disease patients under study behaved
    similarly-- they were aggressive, striving for
    achievement.
  • These individuals were described as type A
    personalities, as opposed to more relaxed type B
    personalities.

25
(No Transcript)
26
(No Transcript)
27
CANCERS
  • Those who respond to stress by smoking or
    drinking more heavily will increase their risk of
    developing cancers of the esophagus, larynx, and
    lung.
  • It is also possible that some cancers might be
    produced as a result of an immune response within
    the body.

28
WHAT IS BURNOUT ?
  • Three stages of burnout are recognised
  • 1. Job stress -- working excessive hours,
    foregoing holidays, a tendency towards hurried
    and skipped meals and giving little time to the
    family.
  • 2. Mental or emotional exhaustion -- tiredness,
    lethargy, hypochondria, irritability, anxiety,
    depression, insomnia or possibly uncontrolled
    alcohol consumption.
  • 3. Inability to feel sympathy for others. This
    is accompanied by a deterioration in
    communication skills and tardiness.

29
(No Transcript)
30
(No Transcript)
31
A model of occupational psychosocial stress
Source of stress
The Individual
Outcomes
Intrinsic Stress
Job dissatisfaction Excessive drinking Excessive
smoking Drug use Anxiety Depression Coronary
heart disease Marital disharmony
Work Overload
Demographic factors
Role in the Organisation
Stress coping ability
Self
Organisational structure climate Security
Home/work interface
32
PROFESSION Sources of Stress
  • Intrinsic Stress
  • We experience stress almost everyday as an
  • intrinsic part of our profession and this is
  • unavoidable.
  • Dealing with unsatisfied clients
  • Problem clients
  • Uncertainty
  • Interpersonal Issues with colleagues and peers

33
WORK OVERLOAD AND TIME PRESSURE
  • Both qualitative (too difficult) and quantitative
    (too much to do).
  • Not having personal free time and carrying a
    heavy workload
  • Time factors are a major source of dissatisfaction

34
Role in the Organization
  • Clarity in the role/job description
  • Career progression
  • Responsibility Vs Authority
  • Vision and Mission
  • Ownership

35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)
37
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND CLIMATE
  • Source of stress for the employee arises from
    the organizational structure and climate
  • gtParticipation in the decision making process
  • gtEffective communication
  • gtRestrictions in behavior

38
EMPLOYEES AND THEIR FAMILIES
  • Although stress is predominantly work-related,
    sufferers get caught in a vicious circle of
    neglecting the family life.
  • Excessive involvement of husbands and wives in
    demanding occupational roles, can have an adverse
    effect on the family

39
(No Transcript)
40
EMPLOYEE and SPOUSE
  • Professional spouse are more likely to suffer
    from Psychiatric problems and suicides
  • When there is a marital problem, denial may take
    the form of
  • (a) withdrawal into longer hours at the
    office, or
  • (b) passive and condescending tolerance of
    her angry outbursts

41
WOMEN PROFESSIONALS
  • Despite working full-time, women are often
    expected to meet domestic commitments.
  • Married women are either divorcing, limiting
    their family size, or coping with both worlds at
    the expense of their physical and psychological
    health.
  • The ratio of divorces for female doctors compared
    with male doctors is 3 to 2.
  • More female doctors are single than male doctors.
    The percentage for female doctors is 31 and for
    male doctors 8 (UK study)

42
PERSONALITY
  • High achievers are described as competitors and
    achievement oriented.
  • This trait may increase in intensity as one
    climbs the career ladder.
  • Takes pride in over-production and often has a
    pathologically overdeveloped ability to postpone
    pleasure.

43
PERSONALITY
  • Feelings of doubt, guilt feelings, and an
    exaggerated sense of responsibility.
  • Excessive conscientiousness is a character trait
    that is socially valuable but personally expensive

44
(No Transcript)
45
Measuring stress
  • Holmes and Rahe stress scale
  • In 1967, psychiatrists Thomas Holmes and
    Richard Rahe developed the scale, based on data
    of 5000 patients
  • A list of 41 stressful life events that can
    contribute to illness was developed and scaled

46
Measuring stress
  • Holmes and Rahe stress scale
  • Rahe carried out a study in 1970 testing the
    reliability of the stress scale as a predictor of
    illness.
  • The scale was given to 2,500 US sailors and they
    were asked to rate scores of 'life events' over
    the previous six months. Over the next six
    months, detailed records were kept of the
    sailors' health.
  • There was a positive correlation between stress
    scale scores and illness.

47
Measuring stress
  • Holmes and Rahe stress scale
  • Life event   Life change units  
  • Death of a spouse 100
  • Divorce 73
  • Marital separation 65
  • Imprisonment 63
  • Death of a close family member 63

48
Measuring stress
  • Holmes and Rahe stress scale
  • Life event   Life change units  
  • Change in number of family reunions 15
  • Change in eating habits 15
  • Vacation 13
  • Christmas 12
  • Minor violation of law 11

49
Measuring stress
  • Holmes and Rahe stress scale
  • Score of 300
  • At risk of illness
  • Score of 150-299
  • Risk of illness is moderate (reduced by 30 from
    the above risk)
  • Score 150 or less
  • Only have a slight risk of illness

50
A STRESS DIARY
  • It is important to be able to identify precisely
    those individual or series of related events that
    may be causing stress or tension.
  • One way of doing this is to maintain a stress
    diary for a few weeks, noting all activities and
    using a simple code to indicate the strain
    involved
  • An awareness of this should help the to develop
    an action plan to minimize or eliminate the
    stressors

51
TIME MANAGEMENT
  • Identify key areas where you need to spend most
    of your time.
  • Work out an acceptable balance of work and
    relaxation.
  • Try to have sometime from each day that is for
    you.
  • Plan your time, prioritize your tasks and try to
    build some flexibility.
  • Set yourself realistic achievable goals

52
SIMPLE STRESS MANAGEMENT ADVICE
  • To avoid stress
  • Accept it is normal to be an imperfect person in
    an imperfect world
  • Problems are analysed logically and plans made to
    resolve them
  • Work out those situations and people which cause
    you stress and why?
  • Change those things that actually can be changed
  • Identify and respect your own good points
  • Improve your shortcomings as much as possible and
    then accept them as part of you

53
SIMPLE STRESS MANAGEMENT ADVICE Contd
  • 7. Dont compare yourself with others
  • 8. Set realistic goals -- tackle big problems one
    step at a time, expect to make mistakes,
    apologise and then learn from them
  • 9. One may delegate tasks but one cannot delegate
    responsibility
  • 10. Look at ways to delegate jobs that are urgent
    but not important.
  • 11. Avoid interruptions, if possible.
  • 12. Assertiveness training is particularly
    helpful for people who have difficulty in saying
    no

54
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
  • Physical activity is a way of responding to
    stress. and allows the discharge of the energy
    the body is anticipating.
  • Physical activity can be taken in many ways,
    including activities such as walking, jogging,
    dancing, or sport.

55
MEDITATION/SIMPLE RELAXATION
  • Frequent and regular meditation, even if only for
    a few minutes a day, does four things that are
    helpful in a stress-reducing programme
  • 1. It trains the attention.
  • 2. It increases control over thought processes.
  • 3. It increases the ability to handle emotions.
  • 4. It aids physical relaxation.

56
OTHER FORMS OF RELAXATION
  • Other forms of relaxation are similar to
    meditation in that they lead to the same results
    through somewhat different means.
  • Because muscles can be more easily trained to
    respond to conscious control the technique of
    progressive muscular relaxation can often be
    used.
  • Hypnosis is a very effective medium for
    relaxation and is widely practiced by the medical
    profession all over the world.

57
(No Transcript)
58
Service At Corporate Field Sites
8
9
6
7
  • ENI, Pakistan
  • OMV, Pakistan
  • HUBCO
  • British Petroleum, Pakistan
  • BHP
  • Tethyan Copper Company
  • UCH Power Plant
  • ROUCH Power Plant
  • KAPCO Power Plant

5
1
2
3
4
59
First Occupational Health Conference April 21,
2011
60
(No Transcript)
61
(No Transcript)
62
(No Transcript)
63
(No Transcript)
64
Tenderness and kindness are not signs of
weakness and despair but are manifestations of
strength and resolution
Gibran
Khalil
65
THANK YOU VERY MUCH
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com