Minerals

1
Minerals

• Integrated Science I

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Minerals

• Naturally occurring inorganic solids made of a
  single element or compound

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Mineral Facts

• Over 3,000 minerals exist
• About 30 common minerals make up about 99 of the
  Earths crust

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Importance of Minerals
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Mineral Identification

• Chemical Composition which elements are present
• Crystal Structure how the elements are arranged

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Physical Properties

• Crystal Form depends on space available for
  growth
• Polymorphs same elements different crystal
  forms
• Ex Diamond vs. Graphite

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Physical Properties

• Hardness based on strength of chemical bonds
• Mohs Scale of Hardness compares minerals.

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Mohs Scale (1 10)

• 1. Talc

• 10. Diamond

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Physical Properties

• Cleavage tendency to break where chemical bonds
  are weak
• Fracture break that is not along a cleavage
  plane

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Physical Properties

• Luster surface of a mineral as it reflects
  light
• Ex metallic, vitreous, waxy, earthy, pearly,
  silky
• Does not depend on color

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Physical Properties

• Color not used for identification because of
  chemical impurities

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Physical Properties

• Streak color in powdered form
• Tested with an unglazed porcelain plate

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Physical Properties

• Specific Gravity ratio of mineral mass to mass
  of an equal volume of water
• Density of water 1 g/cm3

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Mineral Formation

• Crystallization of Magma
• Magma molten rock from the earths interior
• Magma associated with igneous rocks
• Precipitation from Water Solutions
• Carbonates biological activity in cave
  dripstones
• Evaporates body of seawater evaporates
• Water solutions associated with sedimentary rocks

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Rock-forming Minerals

• 1. Silicates - made of Si O2
• (Ex Feldspar and quartz)
• 2. Oxides - made of O2 and a metal
• (Ex Iron and chromium)
• 3. Carbonates - made of carbonates and a metal
• (Ex Limestone)
• 4. Sulfides sulfide ion and a metal
• (Ex Pyrite)
• 5. Sulfates made of sulfate ion and a metal
• (Ex Gypsum)

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Mineral Quiz
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Minerals are

• A. solids.
• B. made of crystals.
• C. naturally made.
• D. inorganic.
• E. all the above.

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Which is not a mineral?

• A. ice
• B. liquid water
• C. iron
• D. calcite
• E. all are minerals

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Which is not a property of minerals?

• A. color
• B. value
• C. luster
• D. streak
• E. specific gravity

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Which mineral is hardest?

• A. apatite
• B. feldspar
• C. corundum
• D. diamond
• E. talc

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Which shows color of powdered mineral?

• A. streak
• B. specific gravity
• C. luster
• D. fluorescence
• E. flame test

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Which test is least reliable?

• A. specific gravity
• B. color
• C. luster
• D. magnetism
• E. cleavage

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Which test describes how a mineral breaks?

• A. specific gravity
• B. color
• C. luster
• D. magnetism
• E. cleavage

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Which test describes density compared to water?

• A. specific gravity
• B. color
• C. luster
• D. magnetism
• E. cleavage