Hematology

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Hematology

• Fish Health Management

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Cold Blooded Vertebrates

• Primary site of hematopoiesis is anterior fourth
  of the kidney
• Spleen is a accessory area of hematopoiesis as
  well as the site for blood cell destruction
• Bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes serve this
  function warm blooded vertebrates
• Various types of blood cells in head kidney-
  Immmature- Mature- Red Blood Cells and White
  Blood Cells

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Blood Cell Types

• Hemocytoblast- Stem Cell or blast cells,- Most
  abundant in hemopoetic tissue of kidney, rare in
  blood
• Erythrocytes- Red Blood Cells- Carries Oxygen
• Leukocytes- White Blood Cells- Blood Clotting-
  Phagocytosis- Inflammation Response

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Erythrocytes

• Primary Function Oxygen transport
• Elongated elliptical cell 13-16 ?m long by 7-10
  wide ?m
• Nucleus centrally located, elliptical in shape
• Polychromatins- Immature erythrocytes-less
  elliptical with blueish-gray cytoplasm

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Ghost Cells

• Artifact of Sampling

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Leukocytes

• Immune Response
• Coagulation
• Hard to differentiate

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Lymphocytes 

• Usually sparse in red blood cells
• Spherical in shape, 7-10 ?m
• Eccentrically located spherical nucleus- stains
  reddish-purple

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Neutrophils (Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes)

• Only granulocytic leukocyte present in rainbow
  trout
• Origin and function of theses cells not well
  understood
• Accounts for 1-9 of total leukocytes
• Average diameter is 9-13 ?m
• Multi-lobuated nucleus (2-5 lobes)

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Thrombocytes

• Occur in varying shapes and size elongated,
  spiked, fusiform, and spheroid.
• Elongated - 5-8 ?m long
• Spiked streaked cytoplasm on one end
• Fusiform- streaked cytoplasm on both ends
• Spheroid- dense nuclei, little or no cytoplasm

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Monocytes and Macrophages

• Monocytes- large 9-25 ?m
• Indistinguishable from Macrophages once in
  tissue
• Cytoplasm often has granules and a large nucleus
• Macrophages not usually seen in blood

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Kidney Imprint

• Various states of hematopoiesis

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Blood Sampling

• Non-Lethal
• Mouth Catheterization
• Caudal Artery
• Heart
• Lethal
• Sever Caudal Peduncle
• Sever Gill

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Blood Assessment

• Three Indexes
• Red Blood Cell Abundance
• Hemoglobin
• Hematocrit - Ratio of Packed RBCs to total blood
  volume
• Variations in reading can be caused by species,
  sex, age, temperature, clotting, water quality,
  season

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Hematocrit Readings

• Low
• Indicates anemia, gill damage, osmoregulation
  impairment
• High
• Indicates stress, dehydration, hemoglobin
  concentrations

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Lab Procedure

• Take blood from caudal artery
• Use one tube for Blood Smear
• Seal other 2 with CritoSeal at vacant end
• Measure of both
• Tissue imprints

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Tissue Imprints

• Cut a small piece of Tissue
• Using forceps, create imprints by touching tissue
  to slide in succession

Fish 1
K L S
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Stain using Diff Quick

• Fix slides in Solution A (Methyl Alcohol) for 10
  min
• Dip slides in Solution B 25 times
• Dip slides in Solution C 25 times
• Wash with DDI water. Dry and examine the slides.