Urogenital System

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Urogenital System
The Urinary and Genital Systems
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Functions of the Urinary System

• Excretory functions
• Eliminates dissolved organic waste from cells
• Regulates blood volume and blood pressure
• Adjusting the volume of water lost in the urine
• Releasing the hormones erythropoietin (EPO) and
  renin
• Regulates plasma concentrations of ions such as
  sodium, potassium, chloride
• Controlling ion quantities lost in urine
• Controlling calcium ion levels by synthesis of
  calcitriol

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Functions Cont.

• Stabilizes blood pH
• Controls the loss of hydrogen ions (H) and
  bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in urine
• Conserves valuable nutrients
• Prevents excretion of nutrients (Ex. Glucose and
  amino acids) in urine
• Eliminates organic waste products (Ex. urea and
  uric acid)

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Urogenital System

• activities must be carefully regulated to keep
  the composition of the blood within acceptable
  limits
• A disruption of any one of these functions will
  have immediate and potentially fatal consequences
  

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Urinary System
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Urinary System - Kidneys

• Lg., brown, bean-shaped structures
• Found on either side of the vertebral column
  between the thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae
• Right kidney often sits slightly lower than the
  left
• Kidneys lie retroperitoneal (btw muscles of
  dorsal body the peritoneal lining)
• Their position is maintained by
• Overlying peritoneum
• Contact with adjacent organs
• Supporting connective tissue

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Urinary System - Kidneys

• Each kidney is packed in protecting
• Soft cushion of adipose tissue prevents jolting
  and shocks
• A displaced kidney is a condition called a
  floating kidney
• Dangerous b/c ureters or blood vessels can get
  twisted or kinked

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Urinary System - Kidneys

• The indentation we see is called the hilus
• Hilus- is the pt. of entry for the renal artery
  and the exit for the renal vein and ureter
• ureters - muscular tubes communicates with the
  renal pelvis to carry urine to the urinary
  bladder
• exit the kidney at the hilus
• renal pelvis is a large, funnel-shaped chamber
  that connects to the ureter at the hilus of the
  kidney

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Urinary System - Kidneys

• The kidney can be divided into an outer layer
  cortex and an inner medulla
• The medulla contains 6-18 conical renal pyramids,
  whose tips or renal papilla project into the
  renal sinus (candy corn tips)

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Urinary System - Nephron

• The nephron is the functional unit of the kidneys
• Each kidney has more than 1mil functioning
  nephron units
• A nephron consists of Bowmans Capsule (found in
  cortex of kidney) thats connected to a long,
  coiled renal tubule
• Within the Bowmans capsule is a cluster of
  capillaries called glomerulus
• filtration

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Nephron

• 3 main regions
• Proximal convoluted tubule-
• conducts the filtrate from Bowmans capsule
• Reabsorption and secretion
• Loop of Henle-
• an elongated, hairpin-shaped portion
• Filtrate becomes concentrated as it descends and
  more diluted as it ascends (countercurrent)

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Nephron

• Distal convoluted tubule-
• conducts the filtrate to the collecting ducts
• Reabsorption and secretion
• Filtrate passes from the renal tubule into a
  larger connecting duct (concentrated)
• Collecting Duct-
• Where urine collects
• Reabsorption of H2O
• Eventually empties into the renal pelvis

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Release of hormones

• The Kidneys release 3 hormones
• erythropoietin, renin calcitriol
• erythropoietin (EPO) Released in response to low
  oxygen levels in kidney tissue
• Stimulates the production of RBC by bone marrow

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Release of hormones cont.

• renin
• Released in response to a decline in blood
  volume, blood pressure or both
• Functions as an enzyme
• calcitriol
• steroid hormone

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Urinary System

• Ureters narrow extensions of the renal pelvis
• fine tubules that transport from the kidneys to
  the urinary bladder
• Urinary Bladder pear shaped, located
  mid-dorsally
• Function- temporarily store urine coming from the
  kidneys by way of the ureters

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Urinary System

• Urethra unpaired tube, transports urine from
  urinary bladder out of the body
• Preputial Orifice opening for urine to exit, in
  males, urine as well as seminal fluid excreted
• Uretheral Orifice opening for urine to exit

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Adrenal Glands

• Paired
• small, round yellow masses of tissue, embedded in
  fat, lie superior to kidney
• Helps body cope with stress and regulate
  metabolism
• Each gland consists of a central portion, the
  adrenal medulla and a larger outer section, the
  adrenal cortex
• Different types of tissues and function as
  different glands

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Adrenal Gland

• Coupled with the sympathetic nervous system
• Secretesnorepinephrine and ephinephrine
  (adrenaline)
• Under normal conditions small amts. of both are
  secreted
• During a stressful situation, adrenal medulla
  hormones initiate an alarm reaction
• lg. amts. of epinephrine and norepinephrine get
  released
• Enables us to think more quickly, fight harder or
  run faster and metabolic rates increase (Fight or
  Flight Response)

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Adrenal Gland

• Synthesizes steroid hormones from cholesterol
• More than 30 types of steroids produce
• Secretes only 3 types of hormones in lg. amts.
• Sex hormones precursors
• Testosterone (male) and estradiol (female)
• Mineralocorticoids
• Aldosterone- reg. fluid balance by reg. salt
  balance (Na K)
• Glucocorticoids
• Cortisol- ensures adequate fuel supplies for
  cells when body is under stress

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Female Genital System

• Produces oocytes (immature gametes), receives the
  penis and sperm released from it during sexual
  intercourse
• Houses and nourishes the embryo, gives birth and
  produces milk (lactation)

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Female Genital System

• Ovaries are the female gonads
• Posterior and lateral to the kidneys
• About the size and shape of a large almond
• Produce eggs
• Produce the female, gametes and female sex
  hormones

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Female Genital System

• Almost immediately after ovulation, the oocyte
  (cells that give rise to egg cells-ova), are
  swept into the funnel-shaped oviduct or uterine
  tube (fallopian tube)
• Cilla sweep the oocyte into the oviduct and move
  it toward the uterus (bull horns)
• Right Cornu of uterus lg. tube leading to the
  left ovary fetal development
• Left Cornu of uterus lg. tube leading to the
  right ovary fetal development

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Female Genital System

• Vagina receives sperm from the penis during
  sexual intercourse
• Entrance for male copulation
• Is an elastic tube - uterus to the exterior of
  the body
• Part of the birth canal
• Vagina Orifice opening to the vagina
• External female genitalia is collectively known
  as the vulva

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Female Genital System

• Vulva includes many structures
• Labia minora surrounds the vaginal and urethra
  openings
• Hymen is a thin ring of tissue that forms the
  border around the vagina entrance
• Clitoris is a sm. erectile structure comparable
  to the male glans penis
• Clitoridean gland sexual attractant (similar to
  preputial gland in males)

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Male Genital System

• Reproductive role - reproduce sperm cells and
  deliver them into the female reproductive tract
• Testes (gonads) paired, spermatogenesis, the
  process of sperm production, occurs here
• Primary sex organs of the male
• Hang within the scrotum, a fleshy pouch,
  suspended from the groin

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Male Genital System

• Scrotum is divided into 2 chambers, each with a
  testis (found in a flattened oval shape)
• Consists of a thin layer of skin, loose
  connective tissue and smooth muscle
• Cremaster muscle- contract to pull testes closer
  to the body (1.1C or 2F below body temp.)
• When body temperature rises testes lower and when
  body temperature drops testes rise to maintain
  sperm development

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Male Genital System

• Sperm production occurs in 800 slender, tightly
  coiled seminiferous tubules
• Each testis contains ½ mile of seminiferous
  tubules
• A healthy male ejaculates 3mL of sperm during
  sexual climax (100 mil sperm per mL of semen in
  the 1970s, now it is 60 mil)
• The cause of decrease is not known, may be linked
  to environmental factors
• Smoking, marijuana use or alcohol abuse

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Male Genital System

• Epididymis elongated tube, 23ft long, so
  twisted and coiled it takes up every little
  space surrounds testes
• It takes 2 wks for sperm to travel through the
  epididymis, where it completes physical
  maturation
• Damaged or abnormal sperm get recycled
• Corpus epididymis head of epididymis
• Caput epididymis body of epididymis
• Cauda epididymis tail of epididymis

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Male Genital System

• During ejaculation, sperm pass from each
  epididymis into the vas deferens (mature)
• The vas deferens empties into an ejaculatory duct
• Which passes through the prostate gland (and
  opens into a single urethra
• Urethra (male), at different times conducts urine
  and semen, passes through the penis and out the
  body

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Male Genital System

• Penis an erectile copulatory organ that delivers
  sperm into the female reproductive tract
• Baculum (penis bone) found at the tip, gives
  support
• Long shaft that enlarges to form an expanded tip
  glans
• Loose fitting skin (foreskin) of the penis folds
  down and covers the glans forming a cuff prepuce
• Foreskins removed during circumcision
• Preputial glands are found on either side of the
  base of penis (similar to clitoridean glands in
  female)

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Male Genital System(Accessory Glands)

• Accessory glands produce fluid portion of semen
• Vesicular glands contribute to sperm viability
• Seminal Vesicles secrete a nutritive fluid rich
  in fructose and prostaglandins
• Nutrients provide energy for sperm
• Prostaglandins stimulate contractions of the
  uterus helps move sperm up female tract

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Accessory Glands

• Coagulating Glands tiny, at the base of the
  vesicular gland
• Ampullary gland increases the volume of sperm
• Prostate Glands found dorsal, at the base of the
  seminal vesicles
• Makes an alkaline environment

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Accessory Glands

• During sexual arousal, paired bulbourethral
  (cowpers) glands, opens to urethra cleans and
  lubricates
• This lubricates the penis, aiding in penetration
  into the vagina

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Dialysis

• Healthy kidneys clean your blood and make
  hormones
• When your kidneys fail, you need treatment to
  replace the work your kidneys used to do.
• Unless you have a kidney transplant, youll need
  a treatment called dialysis
• Dialysis essentially filters your blood to rid
  your body of harmful wastes, extra salt and water
• Treatments are 3 times a week
• Patients usually require dialysis when the waste
  products in their body become so high that they
  start to become sick from them.
• These wastes build up slowly
• Can live productive and useful lives, even though
  their kidneys no longer work adequately.
• 200,000 ppl in the United States use dialysis

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Kidney Stones

• Kidney stones are small, hard deposits of mineral
  and acid salts on the inner surfaces of your
  kidneys. Normally, the substances that form
  kidney stones are diluted in the urine
• Concentrated urine may cause minerals to
  crystallize, stick together and solidify ? stone
• Passing kidney stones can be excruciating
• Usually cause no permanent damage
• Treatments vary, depending on the type of stone
  and the cause
• May be able to pass a stone through your urinary
  tract simply by drinking plenty of water and
  staying active
• Stones that can't be treated with
  more-conservative measures either because
  they're too large to pass on their own may need
  professional treatment.

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Urinary Tract Infection

• Typically occur when bacteria enter the urinary
  tract (urethra) and begin to multiply in the
  bladder
• can be painful and annoying. But serious
  consequences can occur if the infection spreads
  to your kidneys
• Women are most at risk In fact,1/2 of all women
  will develop a UTI during their lifetimes
• Antibiotics are the typical treatment
• Signs / symptoms Not everyone has them, but most
  people have some
• A strong, persistent urge to urinate
• A burning sensation when urinating Passing
  frequent
• small amounts of urine
• blood in the urine or cloudy
• strong-smelling urine
• Prevention
• Drink plenty of liquids, especially water.
  Cranberry juice or cranberry pills
• Urinate promptly when the urge arises
• Wipe from front to back
• Avoid potentially irritating feminine products

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Prostate Cancer

• below a man's bladder - produces fluid for
  semen.
• 3rd most common cause of death from cancer in men
  of all ages rare in men younger than 40.
• Symptoms
• Problems passing urine, such as pain, difficulty
  starting or stopping the stream, or dribbling
• Low back pain
• Pain with ejaculation
• Treatments
• depends on the stage of the cancer
• how fast the cancer grows
• surgery
• radiation therapy, chemotherapy

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Ovarian Cancer

• More common in women over age 50, but it can also
  affect younger women
• Its cause is unknown
• Ovarian cancer is hard to detect early
• The sooner ovarian cancer is found and treated,
  the better your chance for recovery
• Many times, women with ovarian cancer have no
  symptoms or just mild symptoms until the disease
  is in an advanced stage and hard to treat
• Symptoms may include
• Heavy feeling in pelvis
• Pain in lower abdomen
• Bleeding from the vagina
• Weight gain or loss
• Abnormal periods
• Unexplained back pain that gets worse
• Gas, nausea, vomiting, or loss of appetite
• Treatment
• is usually surgery followed by treatment
  chemotherapy

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Endometriosis

• Also called Endo
• Endometriosis is a problem affecting a woman's
  uterus
• Endometriosis is when the kind of tissue that
  normally lines the uterus grows somewhere else
  such as the ovaries, behind the uterus or on the
  bowels or bladder
• This "misplaced" tissue can cause pain,
  infertility and very heavy periods.
• Cause of endometriosis is not known.
• Symptoms
• pain is usually in the abdomen, lower back or
  pelvic areas
• Some women have no symptoms at all. Having
  trouble getting pregnant may be the first sign.
• Pain medicines and hormones often help. Severe
  cases may need surgery.

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Hysterectomy

• an operation to remove a woman's uterus
  sometimes along with the ovaries and fallopian
  tubes
• Hysterectomies are very common - one in three
  women in the United States has had one by age 60.
• Reasons for a hysterectomy
• Women suffering from Endometriosis may have one
  if endo cannot be cured by medicine or surgery
• Uterine prolapse - when the uterus drops into the
  vagina
• Cancer of the uterus, cervix, or ovaries
• Vaginal bleeding that persists despite treatment
• A hysterectomy will stop your periods, and you
  will no longer be able to get pregnant. If the
  surgery removes both ovaries, you will enter
  menopause