Benchmarking of Biodiesel Fuel Standards in East Asia

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Benchmarking of Biodiesel Fuel Standards in East
Asia
Shinichi Goto, Ph.D E-mailgoto.s_at_aist.go.jp Rese
arch Center for New Fuels and Vehicle Technology
(NFV), National Institute of Advanced Industrial
Science and Technology (AIST) Namiki 1-2-1,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8564, JAPAN
DME Vehicle
BDF Mini Bus
Collab. Res. Center
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Engine Test Facilities in AIST
Fuel Spray Test Cell
Vehicle Test Circuit
Engine Test Cell
Fuel and Exhaust Gas Test Equip.
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Introduction of ERIA Energy Project
East Asia Summit Project JETROJAPAN
EXTERNAL TRADE ORGANIZATION gt ERIA
Economic Research Institute
for ASEAN and East Asia

• Working groups
• Analysis of Energy Saving Potential in East Asia
• (IEE Institute of Energy Economics, Japan)
• Sustainable Biomass Utilization Vision in East
  Asia (AIST)
• Standardization of Biodiesel Fuel for Vehicle
  in East Asia (AIST)

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Presentation Outline

• Policy Relevance
• Background
• Objectives
• Procedure
• Members
• Schedule
• Standardization activity

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Policy Relevance

• The importance of biofuels has been recognized in
  the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy
  Security on 15 January 2007, in which the
  standardization was encouraged for practical use.
• In order to contribute to the promotion of
  biofuels in East Asian countries, Japan announced
  Fueling Asia-Cooperation Initiative for Clean
  Energy and Sustainable Growth, which included
  the promotion of biomass energy. It was welcomed
  by all participating countries.
• Energy Cooperation Task Force (ECTF) proposed
  launching a study on BDF standards to discuss the
  concrete measures.
• The 1st EAS Energy Misters meeting(EMM1) was
  held in Singapore on 23 August 2007. The
  importance of BDF standards was mentioned in the
  joint statement.

2nd East Asia Summit
Source The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
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Background (1)

• The Kyoto Protocol emphasized the concept of
  carbon neutral - that vehicle emissions (CO2)
  are offset by using biofuels produced from plant
  materials absorbing CO2. The use of biofuels
  contributes to the prevention of global warming.
• Asian countries are actively promoting the
  introduction of biofuels due to soaring oil
  prices and increased energy consumption. The
  utilization of biofuels is also important from
  the viewpoint of energy security and alternative
  fuels.

ISV
Jatropha
Coconut
Palm
Gb/a Giga barrels of oil equivalent per annum
Soybean
Rapeseed
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Background (2)

• The low-quality biodiesel fuel (BDF) raises
  serious concerns regarding the effect on engine
  performance caused by fuel impurities and the
  oxidation.
• It is anticipated that BDF standards will be
  established in each country to promote more
  distribution in the region.

Mechanical defects caused by using BDF
Injector (source JAMA)
Engine (source JAMA)
Fuel tank (source Fuel Policy Subcommittee)
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Objectives

• Develop a common agreement for BDF
  standardization
• Support the formulation of BDF standards in line
  with the conditions in each country
• Facilitate the distribution of good-quality BDF
  and stabilize the economic infrastructure

Introduction of BDF
No. 5 Eco Fuel Use Promotion Meeting, Document
2-2, Ministry of the Environment
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Procedure

• Share the same recognition concerning the
  importance of ensuring BDF quality and the basic
  measurements for BDF standardization
• Study the characteristics of BDF and current
  situation in each country, and gather the
  necessary information in order to formulate BDF
  standards
• Focus on Japanese standards (BDF5) as a typical
  example
• Japan Automobile Manufactures Association and
  Petroleum Association of Japan agree to cooperate
  on this activity

• Working Group
• To agree common FAME standards
• Research and Survey
• FAME Database

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Members (1) Host Country
Japan Dr. Shinichi Goto, WG Leader
Director, Research Center for New Fuels and
Vehicle Technology (NFV), National Institute
of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST) Mr. Yasunori Takei, Representative of
Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
(JAMA) Toyota Motor Corporation Dr.
Takashi Hoshino, Representative of Japan
Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA)
Isuzu Motors Limited Prof. Koji Yamane
University of Shiga Prefecture Mr. Akio
Imai, Representative of Petroleum Association of
Japan (PAJ) Showa Shell Sekiyu K.K. Dr.
Mitsuharu Oguma Research Center for New Fuels
and Vehicle Technology (NFV), National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology (AIST)
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Members (2) Participating Countries

• Philippines
• Ms. Zenada Ygnacio Monsada
• Oil Industry Management Bureau,
• Department of Energy
• Singapore (to be confirmed)
• Dr. Rong Yan,
• Institute of Environmental Science and
• Engineering, Nanyang Technological
• University
• South Korea
• Dr. Young Jae Lee, Leader,
• Transportation Energy Research Center
• Korea Institute of Energy Research
• Thailand
• Ms. Peesamai Jenvanitpanjakul

• Australia
• Dr. Lesley Dowling and Dr. Daniel Sheedy
• Fuel and Used Oil Policy Section, Department
• of Environment and Water Resources
• China
• Prof. Wugao Zhang
• Shanghai Jiao Tong University
• India
• Dr. O.S. Tyagi (to be confirmed)
• Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP),
• Council of Scientific Industrial Research
• (CSIR)
• Indonesia
• Dr. Tatang Hernas Soerawidjaja
• Chairman, Indonesian Biodiesel Forum/
• Head, Center for Research on Natural

in alphabetical order
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Schedule
2007
2008
Sep.
Nov.
Jul.
Jan.
Aug. 23, EAS Energy Ministers Mtg. (Singapore)
EAS-related meetings
Nov. 21, EAS (Singapore)
Aug. 26, EAS Economic Ministers Mtg.
(Philippines)
Final report
Interim report
Interim report
TENTATIVE
WG 3rd Nov. 29-30 Japan
WG 1st July 17-18 Japan
WG 2nd Oct. 2-3 Thailand
WG 4th Feb. Australia (Tentative)
ERIA Project
Understanding on the importance of ensuring BDF
quality
Study on current situation in each country
Proposal for common standards
Summarize BDF standardization Report

• Site tour of Kyoto
• city BDF plant

• Characteristics of BDF
• The effect on vehicle
• performance
• Japanese quality
• standards

• The political climate
• Represent current
• BDF Specification

Final adjustment
Proposal for common standards
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Standardization activity (1)

• Based on EN standard (EN14214)
• Cover a whole of negative factor in FAME
• Consideration of various materials
• Coconut FAME Viscosity and Flashpoint
• Soybean FAME Iodine number
• Oxidation stability
• Critical impact on metal tanks
• Metal tanks are popular for vehicles in Asia
• Oxidation stability of 10 hours prevented
  metal tank
• corrosion in Japanese conformity test
• Polyunsaturated FAME Mainly included in fish
  oil Risk of sludge formation Measurement
  method hasnt developed yet
• JASO standard Not Detected

JASO Japan Automotive Standard Organization
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Standardization activity (2)
About harmonized specification
() Equivalent to diesel oil () Meet diesel oil
specification
() Need data check and further discussion
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Effects of Oxidation Stability on Fuel Tank
Corrosion
TEST 2000hr TEST with 8hr (60?)and 16hr (Normal
Temp.) interval Test Fuel Commercial diesel fuel
blended 5FAME
Upper
Lower
Oxy. Stab of B100 6 Hrs
Test Fuel Same FAME above with 400ppm of
anti-oxidant (20ppm as B5)
Lower
Upper
Oxy. Stab of B100 10 Hrs
SourceMETI FAME conformity Test
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Influence of Antioxidant on PME
Antioxidant Buthyl Hydroxy Toluene
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Upgrading of Oxidation Stability by Hydrogenation
1st Generation FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester)
Trans- esterification
Hydrogenation
HYD-FAME (Hydrogenated FAME) AIST Technology
2nd Generation BHD (Bio Hydro-fined Diesel)
Hydro-fining
Material Oil (Triglyceride)
Reaction condition Nippon Oil 6MPa, 240-320
degC. Neste Oil 6MPa, 300-350 degC.
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Properties of Bio Hydro-fined Diesel
115?,16Hours oxygen blowing
Source Nippon oil corporation (presentation at
2007 JSAE/SAE International Fuels and Lubricants
Meeting)
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Issues and Further steps

• Issues and actions for ERIA Project
• Oxidation stability Need to show the
  evidence of necessity 10 Hr
• JAMA and AIST check the data
• Polyunsaturated FAME
• Validation of Not detected
• JAMA and AIST examine the validation
• Proposal for common standards
• Fix all the specification values by the end of
  2007 fiscal year if possible.
• To cooperate with APEC and ISO/TC28
• JAMA(Japan Automobile
  Manufacturers Association Inc.)

Thank You
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Diesel Oil Regulation in Japan
Law on the Quality Control (Diesel oil)
Total concentration of Formic, Acetic and
Propionic acid