Questions about simulation…

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Questions about simulation

• How did you feel about your role in this
  simulation?
• What role would you prefer? Why?
• What is the purpose of taxes?
• What are some ways that the colonists could have
  been taxed more fairly?

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The Road to Revolution (1763-1776)
By Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS
Chappaqua, NY
Edited for use in this most excellent of
government classes by Mr. Lee Carter
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What factors led the American colonists to
rebel and declare independence?
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Style of Colonial Government

• Self-rule British government ruled colonies in a
  way that allowed considerable freedom
• Parliament not concerned with governing
  colonies, only with trade
• Crown (i.e. King George) too far away to really
  rule
• Colonies had self-government in most cases had
  own legislatures King had very little control

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Style of Colonial Government

• Why colonial self-rule is important
• Because they were used to ruling themselves,
  became angry when lost their rights.
• In our activity if you had always earned candy
  with no taxes, and we started taxes today

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Change in Approach to Colonial Government

• Taxation
• King George III took power in 1760
• Made power more centrally in London (unitary)
• Less self-government for colonies

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French and Indian War

• 1754-1763
• North American part of 7 years war
• Great Britain won and took Frances possessions
  in North America
• A good thing for American colonists?
• Seemingly, but not actually
• Why?

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Results of French and Indian War

• Proclamation of 1763 cant go west of
  Appalachian Mountains
• Troops stayed British troops remained in
  colonies after war.
• - Colonists thought unnecessary

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Results of French and Indian War

• C. British war debt all other British citizens
  were taxed, why not America?
• -had to pay for the war and stationing troops
• It was at this time that Parliament and the
  King started to control the colonies more
  directly

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Taxation

• Colonists angry to lose self-government and
  freedom
• British thinking just taxing to pay for costs of
  running colonies
• -other British citizens were being taxed like
  crazy

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Taxation

• Colonists argue
• Remove troops dont want to pay for
• 2. No taxation without representation
• Taxes came anyway
• Sugar Act (1764) imports
• Stamp Act (1765) papers, etc.
• Townshend Acts (1767) imports, including tea

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Review

• Why colonists rebelled and declared independence
  from Great Britain?
• History of self-government in the colonies.
• -British ideas of self-government, freedom, and
  limiting the powers of government
• -Magna Carta
• -Petition of Right
• -English Bill of Rights
• -Other philosophies about government Locke,
  Montesquieu, Rousseau, Hobbes
• All of this combined to make them quite
  dissatisfied with the attempts of Great Britain
  to directly control the colonies.

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Review

• Why colonists rebelled and declared independence
  from Great Britain?
• 2. Taxation
• -lack of representation
• -no reason for it (to them)

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Unifying Efforts of the Colonists

• When taxes started, colonists saw they had
  similar problems and issues
• -so, should work together to solve
• Each time they unified harsher British response

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Unifying Efforts of the Colonists

• Albany Plan of Union (1754) To help trade,
  defend against Indians
• A failure
• Stamp Act Congress (1765) 9 colonies send
  delegates to protest
• Protest sent
• Stamp Act repealed by Parliament

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The Boston Massacre (March 5,1770)
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Boston Tea Party (1773)
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The Coercive or IntolerableActs (1774)
1. Port Bill
2. Government Act
3. New Quartering Act
Lord North
4. Administration of Justice Act
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First Continental Congress (1774)
55 delegates from 12 colonies
Agenda ? How to respond to the Coercive
(Intolerable) Acts
1 vote per colony represented.
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Second Continental Congress (1775)

• 1st Congress had planned to meet again the next
  year
• War had already started
• First national government until 1781

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The Start of War

• Colonists organize militias, British move to
  stop

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The British Are Coming . . .
Paul Revere William Dawes make their midnight
ride to warn the Minutemen of approaching British
soldiers.
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The Shot Heard Round the World!
Lexington Concord April 18,1775
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The Second Continental Congress(1775)

• Even after war started, many colonists did not
  want to break away just try to fix problems
• Taxes, representation, and listening to the
  colonists in general

Olive Branch Petition
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Need for Independence

• War continued, and more became convinced of the
  need for independence from Great Britain
• July 4, 1776 Declaration of Independence adopted
• Now are fighting for independence

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Declaration of Independence (1776)
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Declaration of Independence
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Who signed from Georgia?

• Hint counties near Winder

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Independence Hall
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New National Symbols
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Social Contract Theory

• Men are free by nature, not controlled by any
  other
• But, they were subject to the aggressive actions
  of others
• Created government to protect themselves
• People give up some rights to gain security
• State came from voluntary act of free people
• People are the source of power, they can give it
  and take it back

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Articles of Confederation

• Early government of the United States

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War for Independence

• British army was stronger than the Americans
• Still unable to defeat couldnt just defeat
  armies

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War for Independence

• British stopped trying to capture Boston
  changed strategy
• Captured New York in 1776
• Philadelphia in 1777

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War for Independence

• Capturing important cities didnt defeat the
  Americans
• Modern parallels?
• Further action

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End of the War for Independence

• British lose momentum
• Americans gain allies
• Some American victories in South
• Americans and French surround British at
  Yorktown, 1781, force surrender
• This ended the War
• Peace was signed in Paris (Treaty of Paris) in
  1783

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Government of the New Nation

• Articles of Confederation the national
  government of the United States, 1781-1789
• Remember definition of a confederation?
• Articles were supposed to unite
• Considering use of word confederation, it is
  clear that states were the main power
• Why? Fear of powerful government over them

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Articles of Confederation

• A very weak national government
• Characteristics
• One vote for each state in Congress
• Congress couldnt tax
• Congress couldnt regulate foreign or interstate
  commerce

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Articles of Confederation

• No true executive
• No national court system
• Could only amend with the consent of all the
  states
• 9/13 of states had to approve to pass a law

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Articles of Confederation

• States agreed to cooperate in some ways
• Surrendering fugitives, etc.
• States were the primary power
• They, not the national government, were
  responsible for the welfare of the people

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Discussion

• How would the United States be different if we
  were under the Articles of Confederation instead
  of the Constitution?
• What decisions would be difficult or impossible
  for the United States to make?

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Discuss

• What would happen when Georgia and South Carolina
  had a border dispute, and decided to raise armies
  and fight against each other?
• What problems do you think we would have creating
  or fixing an interstate highway?

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Discuss

• What problems would the United States have in
  wars? For instance, what if Russia sent a 10,000
  man army to capture Boston, one to capture New
  York, and one to capture Charleston, South
  Carolina?
• Georgia decides to sell Coca-Cola in South
  Carolina. What problems could they have?

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Discuss

• How would the United States have passed laws
  against something that states were doing that was
  morally wrong? For example, how would slavery
  have been ended, since 2/3 of states would have
  had to decided to pass a law against it, and an
  amendment would have required all states?
• The Articles of the Confederation made it illegal
  for a state to make an agreement with a foreign
  power, such as France. What could the United
  States have done if Virginia had decided to ally
  with France in its war against Great Britain?

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The Constitutional Convention
As if you could really tell what this picture
isplease
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Leading in to the Constitutional Convention

• the Articles of Confederation provided a very
  weak government for the United States
• Was not creating an effective economy trade
  disputes, etc.
• Inability to act together for defense
• Ex. Shays Rebellion (1786)
• Therefore, a Constitutional Convention was called
  for 1787

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Constitutional Convention

• The Constitutional Convention met in 1787 in
  Philadelphia
• 55 delegates from 12 states these men are often
  called the Framers of the Constitution
• In case youre wondering, Rhode Island didnt
  send any folks

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Earlier American Leaders not at the
Constitutional Convention

• Sam Adams
• Massachusetts leader for independence
• Supported Articles, against Constitution
• Patrick Henry------?
• Give me liberty or give me death speaker
• leader in movement for independence
• not in favor of Constitution

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Earlier American Leaders not at the
Constitutional Convention

• Thomas Jefferson
• was the U.S. minister to France at the time
• writer of the Declaration of Independence
• later the President of the United States
• John Adams
• Massachusetts patriot and 2nd president
• was the minister to England and Holland at the
  time

Monticello Jeffersons home in VA
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Leaders of the Constitutional Convention

• Most delegates were younger generation
• Some had been leaders in the struggle for
  independence
• Benjamin Franklin (age 81)
• George Washington
• Revolutionary hero
• he was key leader of the nation.

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Leaders of the Constitutional Convention

• Younger leaders included most prominent
  supporters of Constitution
• James Madison of VA (age 36)
• Alexander Hamilton of NY (age 32)

Hamiltons deaththe most famous duel in U.S.
history
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Purposes of the Convention

• Intended to revise the Articles of Confederation
• Decided they needed a new, stronger government
• Why did they decide this?

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Conflicting Beliefs and Ideals of the Framers

• Representation in Congress
• Disagreement of states with large and small
  populations
• Each side had a plan

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Conflicting Beliefs and Ideals of the Framers

• Virginia Plan States with large populations
• Favored a Congress that would have two houses
  (bicameral)
• Both houses would have representation based on
  population
• Ex. of nowif Senate and House were both the same
  makeup as the House

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Conflicting Beliefs and Ideals of the Framers

• A. Virginia Plan, ctd.
• Small states opposed
• This plan would give more power to large states
• They would have more votes in Congress

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Conflicting Beliefs and Ideals of the Framers

• New Jersey Plan
• A plan by states with small populations
• one house of Congress with equal representation
  for every state
• Similar structure to Articles of Confederation
• Were afraid that they would not be able to
  protect their interests with Virginia plan

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Conflicting Beliefs and Ideals of the Framers

• C. Connecticut Compromise
• Combination of the other two plans to reach a
  compromise.
• 2 houses
• Senate was equal representation
• House of Representatives was by population
• Called the Great Compromise

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Conflicting Beliefs and Ideals of the Framers

• 2. How would slaves count as population?
• South slaves should be counted
• North slaves should not be counted
• Why was this important?
• Counting slaves as population helped the
  representative power of the southern states
• 3/5 compromise that 3/5 of people who were not
  free (ie slaves) would be counted as population

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Conflicting Beliefs and Ideals of the Framers

• What control would Congress have over trade in
  general, and the slave trade in particular?
• Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise
• South feared that Congress would act in a way
  that would hurt the interests of the southern
  economy
• Feared that tobacco exports would be taxed

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Conflicting Beliefs and Ideals of the Framers

• Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise, ctd.
• More importantly than taxing exports
• they were afraid that Congress would stop the
  slave trade
• Compromise
• Congress was not allowed to tax exports
• It could not act against the slave trade for 20
  years
• So, it could not be ended until 1808

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Agreement and Signing of the Constitution

• Finally, the delegates agreed on the Constitution
• Actually agreed on more than disagreed, but
  without overcoming these conflicts, could have
  broken down the Convention without a resolution

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Ratification

• Ratification putting the Constitution into place
  as the law of the United States
• Required 9/13 states to approve it
• Not all were in favor of the Constitution
• Those in favor of it Federalists
• Those who were against it Anti-Federalists

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Ratification

• Anti-Federalists feared so much power for the
  central government, and lack of a bill of rights
  to protect citizens
• No protection for speech, press, religion, fair
  trial
• Included Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, and even
  Thomas Jefferson (although he did eventually
  agree to ratify the Constitution)

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Ratification

• Federalists argued for ratification
• Argued that Articles were weak, needed stronger
  government if United States was to succeed
• Federalist papers To try to get ratification
• By Alexander Hamilton, John Madison, and John
  Jay
• 85 essays arguing for the Constitution
• Explained its principles very persuasive writing
• It was ratified with some struggle by 1788, took
  effect in 1789.

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Ratification

• Anti-Federalists concerns about no Bill of
  Rights in the Constitution
• To meet this concern when the Constitution took
  effect, Congress would amend it with a Bill of
  Rights immediately
• This was necessary to get ratification (got many
  to agree with Constitution)
• Proposed by Congress in 1789, ratified by states
  in 1791.
• Protects rights of freedom of religion and
  expression, security of the person, fair trial,
  and others.