Global Nationalism

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Global Nationalism
World History
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Why did nationalism rise?

• Europe
• Common cause against an uncertain future
  (unification)
• self determination (independence)
• Non-Western (India, SE Asia, etc.)
• Educated native elite sent to Europe to study
• brought back nationalist views
• became leadership of independence movements

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Unification of Germany
BISMARCK
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BISMARCK

• Otto von Bismarck, 1815-98.
• Premier of Prussia (1862-90), chancellor of
  Germany (1871-90).
• To expel Austria from German Confederation (as a
  first step toward unification of the German
  states), provoked war with Denmark and then
  Austria (1864-1866) over the Schleswig-Holstein
  question.

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BISMARCK

• AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR--1866
• quick defeat of Austria (aka Seven Weeks War)
• Bismarck formed the North German Confederation
  without Austria and with Prussian leadership
• FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR 1870-71
• Exploited German states fears of France to ally
  with Prussia
• France humiliatingly defeated, Alsace-Lorraine
  annexed

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BISMARCK

• Used notion of united Germany as catalyst for all
  of these actions.
• Now easily brought German states under crown of
  Prussia
• William I proclaimed German emperor
• Bismarck empire's first chancellor--ruled
  thereafter as virtual dictator.

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Bismarck Impact on the Nation

• aka The Iron Chancellor
• Architect of the German Empire
• Credited with the 1871 unification of Germany
• Was warned against taking the provinces of
  Alsace-Lorraine from France after the 1870
  Franco-Prussian War (led to WW I)

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Bismarck Impact on the Nation

• Was warned against the violation of Belgian
  neutrality as dictated by the von Schlieffen Plan
  for the invasion of France
• Had difficulty winning approval of alliance with
  Austria-Hungary (Wilhelm I was worried it would
  offend Russia)
• Dismissed as Chancellor by Wilhelm II in Mar-1890

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Bismarck Impact on the Nation

• His system of alliances made him the acknowledged
  leader of Europe (THREE EMPERORS' LEAGUE TRIPLE
  ALLIANCE AND TRIPLE ENTENTE)
• His alliances proved difficult for his successors
  to manage.

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Non-Western Nationalism

• India
• Turkey

• Indian National Congress, Muslim League
• Young Turks

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India

• Trend in country is to send promising students to
  Europe for education.
• Returned to India to lead nationalist movements
  such as Indian National Congress (Hindu) and
  Muslim League (Muslim).

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Turkey
Excerpts from The Young Turks Proclamation for
the Ottoman Empire, 1908 1. The basis for the
Constitution will be respect for the predominance
of the national will. One of the consequences of
this principle will be to require without delay
the responsibility of the minister before the
Chamber, and, consequently, to consider the
minister as having resigned, when he does not
have a majority of the votes of the Chamber. 2.
Provided that the number of senators does not
exceed one-third the number of deputies, the
Senate will be named as follows one-third by the
Sultan and two-thirds by the nation, and the
term of senators will be of limited duration. 3.
It will be demanded that all Ottoman subjects
having completed their twentieth year, regardless
of whether they possess property or fortune,
shall have the right to vote. Those who have lost
their civil rights will naturally be deprived of
this right. 4. It will be demanded that the
right freely to constitute political groups be
inserted in a precise fashion in the
constitutional charter, in order that article 1
of the Constitution of 1293 A.H. Anno Hegira
be respected.
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Turkey
7. The Turkish tongue will remain the official
state language. Official correspondence and
discussion will take place in Turkish. 9. Every
citizen will enjoy complete liberty and equality,
regardless of nationality or religion, and be
submitted to the same obligations. All Ottomans,
being equal before the law as regards rights and
duties relative to the State, are eligible for
government posts, according to their individual
capacity and their education. Non-Muslims will be
equally liable to the military law. 10. The free
exercise of the religious privileges which have
been accorded to different nationalities will
remain intact. Source. From "The Young Turks,"
trans. A. Sarrou, in Civilization since Waterloo,
Rondo Cameron, ed. (Paris, 1912), pp. 40-42
Scanned by Jerome S. Arkenberg, Cal. State
Fullerton. The text has been modernized by Prof.
Arkenberg. http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/190
8youngturk.html
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Zionism

• Zionism, the national movement for the return of
  the Jewish people to their homeland and the
  resumption of Jewish sovereignty in the Land of
  Israel, advocated, from its inception, tangible
  as well as spiritual aims. Jews of all
  persuasions, left and right, religious and
  secular, joined to form the Zionist movement and
  worked together toward these goals.
  Disagreements led to rifts, but ultimately, the
  common goal of a Jewish state in its ancient
  homeland was attained.

Theodor Herzl
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Force Leading to Conflicts

• Balkans before World War I
• Many new nations (Serbia, Greece, Romania, etc)
  recently independent from Ottoman Empire,
  Austro-Hungarian Empire.
• Made alliance with great powers of Europe (GB,
  Russia, Germany, France).
• Tensions in region led to WW I.

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Global Nationalism

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