Introduction to Materials Technology

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Introduction to Materials Technology

• Text Chapter 1
• Charles W. Smith, PhD
• Department of Construction Management
• Colorado State University
• Fort Collins, Co

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• ElementsMolecules of same types of atoms cannot
  be broken down into chemically simpler
  substancesPeriodic Chart
• Metals generally solid at room temperature
• -Tend to be good conductors.
• Nonmetals may be solids, liquids, or gases
• at room temp.
• -Tend to be good insulators

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• CompoundsMolecules of different types of
  atomsmay have properties substantially different
  from the constituent elements
• - salt- NaCl sodium and chlorine, water- H2O
  Hydrogen and Oxygen. (molecularly bonded)
• Alloys metals combined with one or more other
  elements
• - Steel alloys, copper alloys, aluminum alloys
  and others
• a mixture containing two or more metallic
  elements or metallic and nonmetallic elements
  usually fused together or dissolving into each
  other when molten "brass is an alloy of zinc and
  copper"
• Mixturesmechanically mixed together, but still
  chemically separatethe mixed substances may be
  elements or compoundsoil and water, smoke in
  air, muddy water.

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• Materials can be
• Natural vs. Manufactured
• Elements can be either Naturally occurring or
  can be Synthetically manufactured.
• Organic vs. Inorganic
• Compounds can be either Organic or Inorganic
• (Organic compounds contain carbon)

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• Bonding of Materials
• Material properties are affected by ability to
  combine/react with other materials, which is
  related to the chemical structure, especially
  electrons in the outer shell (valence electrons)
• Types of bonding
• Ionic In compounds, where one atom gives up
  electrons (becoming a positive ion) to another
  different atom (which, gaining an electron,
  becomes a negative ion)
• Example sodium chloride NaCl (salt)these
  bonds are very tight, strong, very stable.
• Covalent In diatomic gases, like oxygen (O2),
  nitrogen (N2), hydrogen (H2) where two atoms
  share electrons to complete each others outer
  shellsthese bonds are very strong. All organic
  compounds are also covalently bonded.
• Metallic localized exchange of electrons between
  small number of atoms via an electron cloud

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• Physical state (solid, liquid, gas) depends on
  type and strength of bonding
• Liquids gases loosely bound atoms and
  molecules, free to move independently of each
  other
• Solids atoms are tightly bound together
• rigidly held in place by other atoms
• -Turning into a solid As bonds become
• stronger, atoms begin to form ordered
• patterns called lattices, which form
• larger patterns called crystals, which
• become solids

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• Molecular Structure
• Solid materials are usually Amorphous or
  Crystalline in structure.
• Amorphous materials (like glass) No patterns,
  lattices, or crystalsrandom order and do not
  exhibit a regular patter or order.
• Crystalline Structures
• Lattice structures Imaginary lines connecting
  the centers of atoms in a pattern. Form true
  repeatable boundaries or patterns.
• - Metals crystallize into one of seven types of
  lattice structures (see Fig. 1-5, pg.13).
• - Material properties (primary physical and
  mechanical) depend on the crystal structure.

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Basic Metal Crystal Formations
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• Material Specifications
• A Specification is basically a statement of the
  minimum quality of a desired product.
• Items typically included in a specification
• Method of manufacture or processing Forms,
  dimensions, and finishes desired properties (See
  Table 1-1, pg. 21)
• -General
• -Chemical
• -Physiochemical
• -Thermal
• -Electrical/Magnetic
• -Optical
• -Mechanical

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• Mechanical (focus of this course)
• Tensile Strength
• Compressive Strength
• Shear Strength
• Flexural Strength
• Stiffness
• Toughness
• Hardness
• Elasticity
• Plasticity
• Ductility
• See pg. 281 of Text

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• Standards
• - Standards are the culmination of the efforts
  of experts in particular materials, manufacturing
  and construction methods, testing procedures,
  etc., to define commonly accepted minimum
  requirements for those materials, methods, and
  procedures.
• - Organizations involved in developing standards
  are listed on pg. 20. Those which are especially
  pertinent to building construction include

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• For structural and architectural materials,
  components, and systems
• ACI American Concrete Institute
• AISC American Institute of Steel
• Construction
• AISI American Iron and Steel
• Institute
• ASCE American Society of Civil
• Engineers
• ANSI American National
• Standards Institute
• ASTM American Society for Testing and
  Materials www.astm.org.

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• For electrical materials, components, and
• systems
• NEMA National Electrical
• Manufacturers Association
• IEEE Institute of Electrical and
• Electronic Engineers
• ASTM American Society for Testing
• and Materials
• For mechanical equipment
• ASME American Society of
• Mechanical Engineers
• ASTM American Society for Testing
• and Materials

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• We will focus in this course on general testing
  concepts, and will look at ASTM tests for such
  items as structural steel, concrete and rebar,
  glass, masonry, etc. In the lab, we will use
  selected typical test procedures from those
  presented in Appendix C of the text, which are
  simplified versions of actual ASTM tests.
• The entire current set of ASTM standards
  constitutes a multi-volume compendium which is
  kept in the Reference Dept. on the main floor of
  the library. The volumes are arranged in groups
  according to general categories (called
  Sections) of materials or procedures. Each
  volume contains standards which pertain to
  particular materials or procedures within a
  subgroup within the general category.

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Professional Organizations

• All of the previously listed professional
  organizations and others, work collectively to
  establish test standards in conjunction with the
  American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM).
  Individual organizations may have additional
  testing procedures or protocols that may differ
  from ASTM standard test.

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• The general categories (Sections) include (we
  will focus on the first four sections)
• Section 1 Iron and Steel Products
• Section 2 Nonferrous Metal Products
• Section 3 Metals Test Methods and
• Analytical Procedures
• Section 4 Construction
• Section 5 Petroleum Products, Lubricants,
• and Fossil Fuels
• Section 6 Paints, Related Coatings, and
• Aromatics
• Section 7 Textiles
• Section 8 Plastics

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• Section 9 Rubber
• Section 10 Electrical Insulation and
• Electronics
• Section 11 Water and Environmental
• Technology
• Section 12 Nuclear, Solar, and Geothermal
• Energy
• Section 13 Medical Devices and Services
• Section 14 General Methods and
• Instrumentation
• Section 15 General Products, Chemical
• Specialties, End Use Products

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• Each individual ASTM standard has a combination
  letter/number designation. The letter designates
  the general group under which the standard is
  contained the number indicates the order in
  which the was adopted into the group. The letter
  groupings are
• A. Ferrous metals
• B. Nonferrous metals
• C. Cement, concrete, ceramic, and masonry
• materials
• D. Miscellaneous materials
• E. Miscellaneous subjects
• F. Specific applications of materials
• C. Corrosion, deterioration, and
• degradation of materials
• ES. Emergency Standards

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• Example
• If we were looking for criteria regarding bolts
  for fastening structural steel, representative
  standards would be found in Volume 01.08
  (Fasteners) of Section 1 (Iron and Steel
  Products), and would include standards A307,
  A325, and A490 for steel bolts.

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• Section 1 Iron and Steel Products
• Volume 01.01 Steel-Piping, Tubing, Fittings
• Volume 01.02 Ferrous Castings, Ferroalloys
• Volume 01.03 Steel-Plate, Sheet, Strip, Wire
• Volume 01.04 Steel-Structural,
  Reinforcing, Pressure Vessel, Railway
• Volume 01.05 Steel- Bars, Forgings, Bearing,
  Chain, Springs
• Volume 01.06 Coated Steel Products
• Volume 01.07 Ships and Marine Technology
• Volume 01.08 Fasteners

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• In Volume 01.08 (Fasteners), we would find
• Standard A307
• Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts
  and
• Studs, 60,000 PSI Tensile Strength
• Standard A325
• Standard Specification for Structural Bolts,
  Steel,
• Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile
• Strength
• Standard A490 Standard Specification for Heat-
• Treated Steel Structural Bolts, 150 ksi Minimum
• Tensile Strength

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American Society of Testing Materials.

• http//www.astm.org/