Advanced Wireless Technologies and Products

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Advanced Wireless Technologies and Products

• BAD 64046
• 5 March 2003

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Satellites - Orbit Distances

• Three categories of orbit distances
• GEO
• Geosynchronous earth orbit
• Satellites speed precisely matches rotational
  speed of Earth
• Requires an orbit of about 22,300 miles above the
  Earth
• Defined by the longitudinal position of the point
  on the equator over which the satellite is
  located

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Satellites - OrbitDistance

• GEO
• Geostationary
• A geosynchronous satellite with a zero angle of
  inclination (orbit is in the plane of the
  equator)
• Appears to hover above the same point on the
  equator at all times
• See Dundee Receiving Station
• Both types of GEO satellites can be hit by ground
  stations without the need for tracking equipment

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A Representative Geostationary Earth Station
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Satellites - Orbit Distance

• LEO - Low Earth Orbit
• 180 to 1000 mile high orbit
• Visible from a spot on the surface for only 10 -
  20 minutes
• To maintain a connection, equipment must
  automatically switch from satellite to satellite
• Moves rapidly with respect to Earths surface

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Satellites - Orbit Distance

• MEO - Medium Earth Orbit
• 6,250 - 10,000 miles high
• Intermediate speed of surface translation

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Orbit Characteristics
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Advantages and Disadvantages of GEO Satellites

• Advantages
• Appear to stand still
• Huge footprint (3 or 4 cover Earth)
• Disadvantages
• Launch is very expensive and risky
• Round trip latency of 500 ms
• Power required varies with square of distance, so
  huge transmitters are needed

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Satellite Subsystems

• Transponders
• Some do and some do not process the up-linked
  data before relaying it back down
• Bent pipe does not process
• Received signal amplified without adding noise
• Retransmitted down on a different frequency
• Modern transponders
• 10 to 30 transponders per satellite, each with
  bandwidth of 36 - 72 MHz
• Onboard error correction is common
• Signal routing to xpdrs is common

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More About Onboard Processing

• Demodulation and re-modulation to remove noise
• Spot focusing of downlink using steerable antenna
  arrays
• Consist of many switchable elements
• Much switching and routing required, especially
  for LEO systems
• Iridium and Teledesic are typical
• Switch to minimize ground based wireline charges
• Onboard processing saps power from the downlink
  transmitter
• More complex more failure points

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Frequency and Bandwidth

• Frequency tradeoffs
• Higher frequencies support greater bandwidth with
  smaller antennas
• Higher frequencies are more easily mitigated by
  dust, water vapor and even molecules of
  atmospheric gas
• More difficult and expensive to design and build
  transmitters and receivers for higher frequencies

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Crowded Space

• Orbital proximity is a problem in GEO orbits
• Satellites on same frequency must have
  significant angular separation so ground stations
  can discriminate them
• Orbital slots and frequencies are limited, so we
  can run out of physical slots in the sky
• This is happening now over Europe and North
  America

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Challenging Technology

• Ku-band is highest in present use
• 10.7 GHz - 18.1 GHz
• Toshiba introduced first Ku-band capable
  transistor at the end of 1998 (gallium-arsenide)
• It worked in 14 - 14.5 GHz band
• 1100 per transistor
• 20 watt device

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More Amazing Technology

• Toshiba (May 1999) introduced high power C-band
  transistor
• 5.9 - 6.4 GHz
• 60 watts
• Ka band (18 - 31 GHz) is the next development
  target
• AIL Systems, Globalstar, KaSTAR

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Applications for Satellite Technology

• Fixed telephony
• Global Mobile personal communications services
• Satellite data transmission
• Broadband satellite
• GPS

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Fixed Telephony Services

• Satellite telephone business was originally
  targeted at trans-Atlantic bulk
• Submarine fibre is underpricing satellites
• Niche market for satellite phone calls remains
• Underserved rural areas and less-developed
  countries
• More cost-effective than wireline, especially in
  inhospitable terrain

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Global Mobile Personal Communications Services

• Challenge is illuminating a small or handheld
  terminal that has a very small antenna
• Antenna is moving constantly, and in and out of
  buildings
• Thus, GEO satellites are infeasible
• GMPCS requires LEO or MEO satellites

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GMPCS Devices

• Most have dual mode or multimode capability for
  satellite as well as terrestrial wireless system
  access
• About 0.7 watts transmitted power
• Handset antennas cannot be directional
• There is no universal standard for satellite
  phones yet

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GMPCS Providers

• Ellipso
• Two constellations of MEO satellites
• Ellipso-Borealis constellation covers northern
  latitudes with 10 satellites in elliptical orbits
  of two planes
• Ellipso-Concordia covers tropical and southern
  latitudes with 6 satellites at 5,031 mile high
  orbit
• Initial launches were planned for 2002

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Ellipso Orbital Configuration
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Globalstar

• Joint Loral - Qualcomm venture
• Simple bent pipe satellites
• No inter-satellite communication
• 48 LEOs and 4 on-orbit spares
• Service began in October 1999
• All satellites now in orbit
• Each transmits 16 spot beams simultaneously

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ICO

• MEO-based
• Recently acquired Teledesic
• 10 satellites in two orbital planes, 5 each
• 6,472 mile high orbit
• 8.9 KW per satellite
• Simple system that routes calls to the PSTN
• 4,500 simultaneous calls per satellite
• ICO handsets are dual-mode or tri-mode
  CDMA/AMPS/ICO

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Iridium

• Bankrupt in September 1999, and now resuming
  service
• LEO system
• Large handhelds

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Satellite Data Transmission

• Data services will be broadly available via
  satellites
• Designed for fixed users
• Most downlink only, some bi-directional,
  symmetric or asymmetric
• Broadband data transfer is technically
  challenging because of latency delay and high bit
  rate accuracy required (10-7)

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VSAT Applications

• Very Small Aperture Terminal
• High powered Earth station connects via satellite
  to network of low-powered ground stations with
  small antennas
• High bandwidth on downlink but not on uplink
• Equipment is an outdoor unit and an indoor
  interface to users data terminal
• Deployed in rural areas and for low-cost credit
  card verification

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DirecPC

• Data broadcasting
• Internet access
• 21 inch elliptical antenna, PC adapter card,
  software
• Downlink only
• Upstream is through an ISP
• 400 Kbps data rate
• 69.95 unlimited, without ISP

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Other Internet Access via Satellite

• European Satellite Multimedia Services
• Similar to DirecPC
• Downlink up to 38 Mbps
• Uplink is via phone
• Gilat Satellite Systems
• Two way satellite broadband to MSN customers
• Israeli company

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Other Internet Access via Satellite

• Cidera
• Multicasts same content to multiple sites
• Specialty is Internet content to ISPs, who then
  cache it
• 45 Mbps
• Similar service available from IPPlanet (Irsael)
  and iBeam, in Sunnyvale

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Broadband Satellite Systems

• Skybridge
• Planned LEO system
• Two constellations of 40 satellites each
• Covers everything except poles
• 20 Mbps down, 2 Mbps up
• Fractional bandwidth on demand available
• 350,000 users per satellite
• No intersatellite connections
• Service in 2003

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Broadband Satellite Systems

• Teledesic
• Partnered with Ellipso
• LEO with 64Mbps downlink rates
• Motorola is prime contractor
• Boeing does large scale systems integration,
  software development, and launch services
• Bill Gates is a key backer
• 288 satellites, low, with low latency
• Each satellite is like a node in a fast packet
  switching network
• 30 GHz uplink, 20 GHz downlink

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Global Positioning System

• Implemented and operated by U.S. Department of
  Defense
• 24 satellites in six MEO orbital planes
• Five to eight satellites available at any time
  from any point on Earth
• Four signals (minimum) needed by compute position

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GPS Add Ons

• SnapTrack
• Will track location of cellular phone users
• FCC mandated locatability of 911 callers within
  1200 meters by October 2001 was partially
  achieved
• Cellular wireless network will send an estimate
  of the location of the phone to a server, which
  then returns the locations of the nearest GPS
  satellites
• Phone then calculates and reports its location
• Cellular sites already have GPS receivers to
  provide synchronous timing information
• Qualcomm bought SnapTrack for 1B in January 2000

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Market Overview

• Wireless growth is exceeding most market
  projections
• Prices are falling as competition increases
• Data now dominates over voice !

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Wireless Voice Telephony

• 309 M cellular users at end of 1998
• Forecast 862 M at end of 2003
• Data over mobile and e-commerce expected to
  account for much of this growth
• 303 M cellular/PCS users in 1998
• Forecast 1.1 B cellular/PCS by end of 2003 (!)
• Approximately half of the above are forecast to
  be using GSM
• 3G services will lag in the U.S. behind Europe,
  Japan, and Korea

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Asia

• PDC standard dominates in Japan, GSM everywhere
  else in Asia
• Taiwan and south Korea are the fastest growing
  markets for mobile data
• Motorola is in a joint agreement with Ministry of
  Information and Industry of China to develop 3G
  technologies there

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Europe

• GSM dominates overwhelmingly
• Subscriber growth is slowing
• Finland offered the first 3G licenses
• Dataquest predicts that only 4 of subscribers
  will be using full 3G compliant systems by 2005

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United States

• 18 service providers held most of the market in
  the U.S. at end of century
• Three use CDMA1900, seven GSM1900, one IS-136,
  and the rest AMPS, CDMA800, TDMA800.
• Consolidation of providers will continue, with
  mixes of GSM and CDMA in place

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Growth Projections

• CDMA growth rate of 50.4
• TDMA growth rate of 39.5
• AMPS growth rate of -16.6

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Latin America

• Digital subscribers dominate
• Six times as many new subscribers for digital
  rather than analog
• TDMA 33.9 CDMA 6.6 GSM 1.6
• Forecast is that 75 of all TDMA handsets in 2003
  will go to Latin America

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Wireless Data

• Fierce competition involving
• Private data networks (ARDIS, Metricom, and
  Mobiltex)
• Cellular networks (CDPD, SMS, circuit-switched,
  and 2.5G)
• Land mobile radio and specialized mobile radio
• Satellite services
• Two-way paging

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Regional Variations

• Europe leads the world in adoption of digital
  cellular service and mobile wireless services
• Asia/Pacific are also tied with or slightly
  leading U.S.
• Thus, regions outside the U.S. make take the lead
  in adoption of new Internet services

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Wireless Data Services (U.S.)

• Subscribers growing x10 between 1999 and 2003
• CAGR will be 81.6
• Devices and services will drop in price
• SMS (Short Messaging Service) is forecast to be
  the driver of U.S. growth in wireless data

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Wireless SMS Players

• Blackberry
• Service aimed at e-mail users
• 9.95/month for unlimited e-mail, with 359
  price on the device
• ARDIS started two-way paging service in 1999
• Palm VII (500) supports this

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ARDIS Target Markets

• Vertical markets, normally
• UPS
• Trucking
• Repair and service technicians
• Pricing varies with quantity of data transmitted

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CDPD Target Markets(Cellular Digital Packet Data)

• Available to 53 of the U.S. population
• Especially popular among police agencies
• Growth in Canada is significant
• CDPD is the only packet-switched technology
  offered on cellular / PCS networks in Canada

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Satellites - Markets

• Broadband satellite industry might be subject to
  over-capacity if all planned satellite systems
  deploy
• Satellite launches for mobile service have lagged
  behind their timetables
• Bankruptcies are slowing down the industry
• Iridium went bankrupt because of high prices
• 1,495 handset and 1.59 to 3.99 per minute call
  charges

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Forecast - Terrestrial Mobile Voice

• AMPS will continue to erode
• U.S. cellular market will remain fragmented among
  CDMA, TDMA, GSM
• Mobile users in Asia/Pacific, not even counting
  Japan, may exceed total in U.S. and Europe
• Handset antennas will move away from head via
  headsets

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Forecast - Terrestrial Mobile Data

• Adoption of interim data technologies (HSCSD,
  GPRS, EDGE) will lead to market fragmentation in
  the U.S. and to lesser degree in Europe
• 3G deployment will be delayed by lack of demand
  from mobile applications and lack of a global 3G
  standard
• SMS will dominate growth in mobile services
• Location-based services will grow rapidly
• Growth in Japan and Europe will exceed U.S.
  because of unified standards there

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Forecast - Terrestrial Stationary Services

• Services include WLL, point-to-point wireless,
  LMDS/MMDS, and laser beam
• Demand will be driven by
• 1. Demand for high speed data (Internet mostly)
• 2. Need for CLECs to bypass the wire local loop
• Internet access is still the driver for bandwidth
  growth

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High Speed Services

• Will be predominantly wireline through 2003
• Satellite service initiates on a large scale at
  the end of the forecast period -- jury is out
• Wireless has an advantage in the local loop
  beyond the reach of fibre from the CO
• Next generation TV channels will include a data
  sub-band

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More Terrestrial Wireless Forecasts

• 802.1, Bluetooth, and HomeRF may interfere with
  each other in the spectrum
• Satellite receivers for direct broadcast TV will
  continue to integrate with data transport
• Satellite systems will suffer a lack of demand
  for mobile access because of in-building problems