Audio and Visual Technologies

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Audio and Visual Technologies
Teaching and Learning with Technology

• Chapter 9

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Audio in Teaching and Learning

• Listening includes both hearing and comprehending
  audio
• Effective listening for learning includes
• Accurate hearing
• Focused listening
• Reinforcement to stimulate neural connections

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Traditional Audio Media

• Audio Cassette
• Economic, durable, and easy-to-use
• Uses magnetic tape to record voice, music, and
  other sounds
• Can be used in centers, small groups, or large
  group instruction to add audio elements
• May be used for talking books, multimedia kits,
  oral histories and journals

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Traditional Audio Media

• Broadcast Audio
• Received via radio or cable audio channels
• Enhances content with current events, music, and
  foreign language
• Telephone
• May be used to bring speakers in via phone
• Can also be used to include home-bound students
  in class activities

5
Digital Audio Media

• Optical Media (CD-ROMs)
• Offer better clarity and greater storage capacity
  when compared with traditional audio media
• Easier to directly access target audio for replay
• With CD-Rs and CD-RWs you can also record audio

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Digital Audio Media

• Internet Audio
• You can download audio rather than acquire CDs
• While audio clips in Wav and MP3 formats are
  widely available, MP3 is gaining popularity
  because it require smaller files
• You will need media players (typically free) to
  play back these files

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Digital Audio Media

• MP3 Files
• Sometime include visualizations (graphics or
  video) displayed during audio playback
• MP3 players usually include recording and
  playback controls to enhance quality and control
  sequences
• Typically music but may also include any other
  audio elements

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Digital Audio Media

• Internet Radio
• Using streaming media, many radio stations
  simultaneously broadcast via the Web as well as
  the airwaves
• National and international stations outside the
  local area are now available via the Web
• Include music, news and talk stations from around
  the world

9
Visual Communication

• Visual literacy is the ability to correctly
  interpret visual signals
• Visual experiences in education should be
  designed to encourage visual literacy
• Awareness of effective visual design helps to
  impart visual literacy skills to students

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Visual Communication

• Visual Design Basics
• Visual design includes text, visual elements, and
  affective elements
• Text refers to all aspects of text including
  fonts, spacing, color, and sizes
• Visual elements include graphics, symbols, real
  objects, and organizational elements
• Affective elements are visual components that can
  elicit responses from viewers

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Visual Communication

• Visual Design Guidelines
• Relevance
• All elements should add clarity to the visual
• Graphics should accurately illustrate the
  intended concept
• Coherence and Consistency
• Include only those elements that support the
  message
• All elements should be consistent with each other
  and with the message

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Visual Communication

• Visual Design Guidelines
• Proportion and Contrast
• Proportion refers to relative size of elements
• Contrast refers to the arrangement and balance of
  the various elements
• Use proportion and contrast to draw attention to
  the most significant aspects of the message
• Unity and Direction
• Elements must work together to communicate the
  focus of the message and then to direct the
  viewer to subsequent components

13
Traditional Visual Media

• Non-Projected Visuals
• Real objects include all objects that can be
  brought into the classroom and used as a visual
  enhancement
• Models are 3-D representations of real objects or
  concepts
• Exhibits are displays or dioramas that are
  created or arranged to illustrate instructional
  concepts

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Traditional Visual Media

• Non-Projected Visuals
• Print Materials include commercial and
  teacher-made paper materials
• Graphics and Photos are pictorial images used to
  illustrate and clarify
• Technologies for Non-Projected visuals include

• Chalk Boards
• White Boards
• Electronic White Boards

• Bulletin Boards
• Flip Charts
• Magnetic Boards

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Traditional Visual Media

• Projected Visuals and their Technologies
• Overhead Projectors
• Shine light through transparencies for large
  group projection of the images
• Transparencies can be drawn or printed with ink
  jet or laser printers the right transparency
  film must be used with each
• Commercial transparencies are frequently
  available with texts or in supplemental books
• Transparencies can also be created with common
  software such as word processors

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Traditional Visual Media

• Projected Visuals and their Technologies
• Slide Projectors
• Slides are small film images mounted in cardboard
  which are typically organized in trays
• Photographic slides remain popular because they
  offer the most accurate, high resolution color
  images
• Slides require limited equipment for projection
  but may deteriorate with age

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Non-traditional Visual Media

• Digital Projectors
• Used to project digital images from computers,
  digital cameras, and photo CDs
• Allow for large group display of anything digital
• Document Cameras
• Video camera mounted on a stand to capture and
  display live video images
• May use monitor or digital projector for display
• Can be use to zoom in on a real time
  demonstration or to share images of small objects

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Multimedia

• Combining multiple media into a single integrated
  whole
• Multimedia includes audio and visual elements
  typically stored on a CD-ROM with hyperlinks
  between the elements
• Multimedia must be carefully evaluated for good
  design and appropriate and meaningful audio and
  visual elements