Ch. 5 Timeline: Geometric Period (900-700BCE) owes its name

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Ch. 5
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Timeline

• Geometric Period (900-700BCE) owes its name to
  geometric or rectilinear forms with which artists
  of the time decorated ceramic vessels.
• Orientalizing period (700-625BCE) named for the
  influence of Egyptian and Near Eastern art on
  Greek pottery. Spread through trading contacts as
  well as artists traveling.
• Archaic (620-480BCE) meaning old or old
  fashioned, stresses a presumed contrast between
  the art of that time and the art of the following
  classical period

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• Classical Period which was once thought to be the
  most admirable and highly developed (3
  divisions)
• Early Classical (480-450BCE)
• Mature Classical (450-400BCE)
• Late Classical (400-325BCE)
• Hellenistic (325-31BCE) means Greek-like.
  Produced throughout the Mediterranean world as
  non-Greek people gradually became imbued with
  Greek culture under Alexander the Great and his
  successors.

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Geometric
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Funerary vase from the Dipylon Cemetery, Athens.
C. 750-700 BCE, terra-cotta, height 42 5/8, p.
119
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Question

• What does this Vase tell you about the Greeks
  view of the afterlife?
• How does this compare to the Egyptians view of
  the afterlife?

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• What is this figure?
• What is it made out of? How?

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• This centaur was made on the potters wheel. It
  is hollow, just like a vase.
• Found in a cemetery. It was deliberately broken
  in two and found buried in adjacent graves.
• Why would they break it in two?

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Man and Centaur, c. 750 BCE, bronze, 4

• What are these figures doing?
• What does this tell you about mans view of nature
  at this time?

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ORIENTALIZING PERIOD

• Egyptian and Near East Influence

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Pitcher from Corinth, c. 600 BCE (Orientalizing
Period), ceramic w/ black figure decoration, 11
½,
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• Open composition
• Real and imaginary animals
• Abstract plant forms and human figures
• What is a rosette?
• What is Black Figure pottery style?

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Create a Vase

• Turn to page 172 in your book.
• Look at figure 5-23
• Choose a vase shape to recreate. Tell me what it
  is used for. Research in your book.
• Decorate it in either the Geometric or
  Orientalizing style.
• List specific reasons why it fits this style.

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Archaic

• Old or Old Fashioned
• In comparison to the following classical period.

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Temple of Hera I, Paestum, Italy, c. 550 BCE
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• South of Modern day Naples, Italy
• Earliest standing temple
• Dedicated to Hera
• Goddess of marriage

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• Post and Lintel
• Peristyle
• Doric oldest and most plain

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Antae square pillarsin antis between the
pillars
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Elements of Architecture, p. 164
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Reconstruction of the west pediment of Temple of
Artemis, Korkyra (Corfu) c. 600-580 BCE
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Gorgon Medusa, sculpture of the west pediment,
Temple of Artemis, Korkyra (Corfu), 9, c. 580 BCE
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Dying Warrior, sculpture from the left corner of
the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaia,
Aegina. c 480 BCE, marble, 6, p. 127
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Peplos Kore, from the Acropolis, Athens. C. 530
BCE, height 48
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• Berlin Kore, from cemetery near athens
• 560-570BCE
• 6 tall
• Garment fluted like Greek column. Goddess or
  attendant
• Holds a pomegranate in right hand
• What myth involves a pomegranate?

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Kouros, from a cemetary at Anavysos, near
Athens, c. 530 BCE, marble, 64.

• Characteristics of Archaic style.
• Men in active poses
• Increasing interest in artists patrons, more
  lifelike rendering.
• Massive torso and limbs, heroic strength

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Archaic Statues

• Rigid, frontal presentation
• Archaic smile attempt of giving individuality
  and imbuing a sense or realism.
• Large freestanding, made of wood, terra-cotta
  or white marble.
• Kore- female statue (Korai), always clothed,
  probably goddesses
• Kouros-male statue (kouroi), never clothed,
  ahtletes
• Recalled Egyptian cannon of proportions and pose,
  one foot forward.
• Did not recall Egyptians need for permanence,
  carved away from stone, freestanding, and
  individual differences

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• Francois Vase
• Signed by painter and potter
• Volute Krater, used for mixing wine and water
• List the two styles most apparent in this piece

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The Suicide of Ajax

• Composition matches vessel shape
• Framing palm tree and armor
• Ajax curving back mimics the soft curves of the
  vase.
• Intense concentration, composition focused on
  task.

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Death of SarpendonCalyx Krater

• Balanced composition
• Elongated body, horizontal bands.
• Curved handles mimic arched backs of sleep and
  death.
• Hermes (center) breaks the horizontal
  composition.
• Foreshortening coming toward or receding from
  the viewer

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Classical

• 3 Parts
• Early
• Mature/5th
• Late 4th century

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Man is the Measure of all Things

• Key Essay Points
• Know thyself-inner significance of forms
• Seek an ideal based on the human form
• Nothing in Excess-reproduce only essential forms

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Key Points

• Humanism Man is the measure of all things. Even
  their Gods took perfect human form. Apollo
  Greek Ideal, body and mind in balance, athlete
  and musician
• Rationalism reason over emotion (centaur).
  Meaning and pattern, nothing happens by accident.
  Intellectual structure, architecture has canon of
  proportions.
• Idealism close observation before
  generalization. Perfect mathematical
  proportions. Combination of rationalism and
  humanism.

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EARLY CLASSICAL

• Slap me some skin
• Patty cake
• Holding up the heavens

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Transitional or Early Classical

• Human figure rendered with greater accuracy,
  seeking universal forms
• Herakles holding up the heavens while Atlas
  retrieves the golden apples.
• Attention body pressing through the clothing,
  realism

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Kouros, c. 530 BCE, marble, 64. Kritian Boy,
from Acropolis, Athens, 480 BCE, marble, 46 high
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Charioteer, from the Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi.
c. 470 BCE (Early Classical) , bronze, 511

• Hollow casting, more flexible medium.
• Problem, foundries would reuse old statues to
  make new ones. Few originals exist.
• Colored glass eyes, silver eyelashes

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Riace Warrior
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• Idealized anatomical forms and realistic details
• Copper nipples, silver teeth, eyelashes
• Swelling veins, careful rendering of hair.

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5th Century

• Mature Classical

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5th c. / MATURE CLASSICAL

• Most desirable regular facial features, smooth
  skin, proportions.
• Ideal forms discovered through reason.
• Polykleitos The Canon

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• Ratios of basic unit to body parts.
• Length of index finger, chin to hairline, length
  across knuckles.
• Careful balancing of figures supporting and free
  elements- contraspposto

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Acropolis

• What does Acropolis mean?
• Akro High Poliscity
• Hilltop city

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The Brief History

• Destroyed in 480 BCE.
• Athenians vowed to leave it in ruins as memorial.
• Pericles rebuilds as monument to Athenian values,
  civic pride.
• Gold, Ivory, exotic woods, 22,000 tons of
  Marble imported from 10 miles
• Triumph of Greek city states over Persia. Greek
  civilization over Despotism, barbarians.
• Humanity is reserved for those that speak Greek.

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Parthenon Athena Parthenos (Virgin Athena)

• Iktinos architect
• Extraordinary mathematical mechanical
  skillsrational
• Rational relationship of each part to one
  another.
• Aesthetics of s. 49 diameter of column to
  space between.
• Ideal Doric temple, like a work of sculpture.
• Pediment sculpture in the round

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Lapith Fighting a Centaur

• 92 Metope relief's, 14 each end, 32 each side.
• Images of victories Lapith v. Centaur, God v.
  Giant, Greek v. Trojan.
• Perfect moment of Pause w/ fluid action
• Single image represents entire historical
  episode.
• X shaped composition, total equilibrium.
• Grueling fight or delicate dance.

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Nike (Victory) Adjusting Her Sandal, fragment of
relief decoration from the parapet (now
destroyed), Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis,
Athens, late 5th century BCE, marble, 42 high.

• Chiton slipping off
• One shoulder
• Clinging to body
• Like wet silk, erotic image
• Hint boldly at nudity

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Porch of Maidens (Caryatid Porch), Erechtheion,
Acropolis, Athens. 421-405 BCE.

• Amphiprostyle porch on both ends
• Unfinished gatehouse
• Mnesikles architect
• Housed the first Museum. home of the muses.

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Stelai depict domestic scenes, often of women
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• Style of achilles painter, woman and maid
• Lekythoi graveside ceremonies
• White-ground mostly white background with
  tempera paint on top, fades
• Sadness, occupy different worlds, glances just
  fail to meet

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Late Classical

• 4th Century
• Fully Nude female figures
• Finally!

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Orthogonal city plan rigid mathematical concept,
right-angled, rectangular blocks
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Hermes and the infant Dionysos, copy

• Key sculptor Praxiteles
• 8 or more heads high instead of previous 6.5 or 7
• Smaller and more youthful body
• Smoothness of body contrasted with rough drapery
  of post.
• Humanization of Gods, teasing

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Aphrodite of Knidos, composite of 2 Roman
copies,original 350 BCE.

• Praxiteles
• 1st well known sculptor to create fully nude
  female.
• Nude womenlow character
• Aphrodite merges w/ Babylonian Ishtar-usually
  nude
• So life-like she traveled to Knidos to view
  itwhere did Praxiteles see me naked?
• 100s of copies

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The Scraper, copy, 330 BCELysippos

• Favored active poses, dramatic
• Expressive faces, parted lips, stare into
  distance
• Small heads and slender bodies
• Scrapping oil and dirt from his body, mundane task

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Late classical

• What do we know about late classical sculpture
  and architecture?
• More active poses, First fully nude female,
  different canon of proportions, interest in minor
  deities.
• Orthogonal city planning

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Hellenistic325-31BCE

• Began with the death of Alexander
• Ended with the last of the Helladic rulers.
• Who was this last ruler?
• Cleopatra

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Architecture

• Theater, fully realized
• Vehicle for communal religion through Poetry,
  Music, and Dance
• 3 Greek tragedians Aeschylus, Sophocles, and
  Euripides
• Semi-circle of seats on hillside, overlook
  circular performance area called orchestra.
• Divided into wedge shapes, gives best acoustics,
  uninterrupted site lines, efficient entrance and
  exit of 12,000 patrons.
• Never improved upon

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Theater Epidauros
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Corinthian Columns

• Corinthian column, previously only used indoors
  is now used outside.
• Capital is not as standardized as doric and
  ionic only the foliage motif is required.
• The most decorative capital
• Stare at the following images for 30 seconds
  silently. Wait for instructions.

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Gallic chieftain killing his wife and himself,
copy 220 BCE.

• Pergamene style anti-classical
• Trying to elicit a specific emotional response,
  expressionism
• Still supporting dead wife
• Artist seeks to arouse admiration and pity

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Dying Gallic Trumpetercopy after original bronze
220 BCE

• Slow demise
• Downward gaze, as he struggles to rise.
• Unkempt hair and torque, symbol of being barbarian

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Pergamene Architecture

• Seek 3 dimensional balance, diagonal
• Break out into physical space, onto steps
• Even lighting replaced by dramatic, deep
  undercuts
• Extreme expressions of pain, stress, anger,
  dspair.

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• I just cant get that itch
• New commercial for herbal essence
• Plop plop fizz fizz oh what a relief it is
• An example of Pergamene style

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Lacoon and his sons, 1st c.

• Trojan priest warned not to take horse in.
• Greek Gods send serpent to destroy them.
• Anguished faces, intricate diagonal movements and
  complete unification.

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Nike (victory) of Samothrace

• Forward momentum balanced with wings arching back
• Heavily sculpted feathers and fabric
• Contrasting textures and light
• Seem larger than life

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Aphrodite of Melos (also called Venus de Milo),
150-125 BCE(Hellenistic), marble, 610

• Head with dreamy gaze, Praxitelean
• Heavy proportions of 5th c. classical but twisted
  pose, nudity, and heavy drapery of Hellenistic.
• Erotic tension

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CategorizeClassical v. Hellenistic

• Classical
• Ideal and general
• Heroic
• Gods
• Serenity
• Drama
• Intellectual commitment
• Cultural unity

• Hellenistic
• Specific and individual
• Everyday
• Mortals
• Individual emotion
• Melodrama
• Demanded viewer empathize
• Multicultural
• Increase of portraiture