Sketch by John Mix Stanley (c. 1853) Glenbow Museum

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Sketch by John Mix Stanley  (c. 1853)     
Glenbow Museum

• A deceiving picture of Native American
  Communities.
• This portrayal sends a negative message. History
  books as well as Hollywood depicts Native
  American people as nomadic and without permanent
  dwellings.
• The Plains Indians of North America were
  introduced to horses in 1730. The Blackfoot were
  known for horsemanship and fierce warriors from
  Saskatchewan to Missouri River and west of the
  Rocky Mountains.

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"Indian Village of Secoton," 1585-86 Drawing by
John White Licensed by the Trustees of the
British Museum ï½ the British Museum http//www.k
eyingredients.org/images/timeline/001.jpg
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Native American Women
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MatoakaAbout 1597 - March, 1617

• Pocahontas a nickname meaning "the naughty one"
  or "spoiled child" one. Her real name was
  Matoaka who married Kocoum.
• When the English first met the Powhatan people,
  Pocahontas was about 10 or 11 years old. Saving
  John Smith from being clubbed to death by her
  father is a myth.
• Smiths colonists reported him as abrasive and
  upholding mercenary ideals.
• Matoakas father was chief of the Powhatans with
  over 30 alliances.
• The film Pocahontas distorts history and
  portrayal of Matoaka.
• Pocahontas, at 17 years, was a prisoner by the
  English while she was on a social visit, and was
  held hostage at Jamestown for over a year.
• John Rolfe took interest and would marry her in
  1614. Her new name was Rebecca Rolfe. She had
  one son named Thomas Rolfe.
• 1616 John took her to England and was used in
  propaganda to further the colony and civilizing
  the Indians.
• John Rolfe commercialized tobacco.
• Matoaka died in 1617 on her return to Virginia
  and buried at Gravesend which was destroyed by
  church reconstruction. After her death Smith
  invented the story that she rescued him.

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Kateri Tekakwitha-Kaia'tanóron1656 -1680

• Her family died from small pox when she was 4
  years oldadopted by her uncle.
• Kateri was the first Native American nun who
  cured people using a cross that she carried.
  After her death, the cross healed people.
• Kateri wanted to start her own convent but was
  denied because she was too "new" of a Christian.
  After her death, she was presented to the
  Catholic Church Beatified -22 June 1980 by Pope
  John Paul II Her Canonization is pending.
• A patron saint and Virgin

• Painted by Father Chauchetière between 1682-1693.

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Sacagawea, "Bird Woman1786 could have been
1784 1812

• She was born into the Shoshoni tribe in the Rocky
  Mountains and was named Boinaiv, meaning "Grass
  Maiden or Boat Traveler disputed meaning.
  Through misunderstanding, Clark thought her name
  was Bird Woman.
• Later she was kidnapped by Crow warriors and sold
  to the Hidatsa on the Missouri River in North
  Dakota. She and another Native woman was sold to
  a French Canadian Fur trader who married both.
• Sacagawea was the navigator of the Lewis and
  Clark expedition across the newly purchased
  Louisiana Territory when she was 17 years old.
  Without Sacagawea this expedition would not have
  been the successful.
• Sacagawea also served as an unofficial symbolic
  peace symbol for other Indian tribes to see as
  the expedition traveled across the land.
• Sacagawea lived to 25 and died from a severe
  fever. Some claim she lived to over 100 years.
• Lewis and Clark write of her endurance and
  stamina. She had a son called Baptiste who was
  Clarks favorite.
• She is recognized as great American historical
  figure.

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Nancy Ward Cherokee 1738 - 1822

• Born in a "Peace Town" or "Mother Town" in the
  Overhill region of the Cherokee Nation. Her
  father Fivekiller from Delaware people and her
  mother, Tame Deer, Cherokee. Missionaries,
  Moravians influence the area and sought to
  persuade to follow the Bible as their rule of
  faith, morals and convert the Cherokee people.
• The Cherokee Beloved Woman and War Woman who
  fought along side her husband, Tsu-la Kingfisher,
  chewing the lead bullets for his rifle. He was
  killed and she took up his gun and the brought
  victory to the Cherokees. She married Bryan Ward
  about 1762.
• For bravery she was called Ghighau, "Beloved
  Woman" and Agi-ga-u-e War Woman for the
  Cherokees. She was also given the name Nanye-hi
  "One Who Goes About.
• A powerful and influential woman in the Cherokee
  Nation.
• She headed the Council of Women with a seat and
  vote on the Council of Chiefs.
• She is credited with having introduced dairy
  products and beef. 
• She spared the life of Lydia Bean, a white woman
  and saved countless Cherokee and white lives when
  she warned settlers of attacks.
• Nancy was involved in the Treaty of July 20,
  1781, and the Treaty at Hopewell, November 28,
  1785, as a principal speaker.
• Known as a peace maker.
• After the Hiwassee Purchase of 1819, she left
  Chota and settled on the Ocoee River near Benton,
  Tennessee. She operated an Inn at Woman Killer
  Ford.

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Lozen - Chiricahua ApacheAround N.Mexico 1840s

• The word "apache" comes from the Yuma word for
  "fighting-men" and from the Zuni word meaning
  "enemy.
• http//www.greatdreams.com/apache/apache-tribe.h
  tm
• Lozen was the sister of mighty Apache war leader
  Victorio,
• She was the most famous of the Apache War Women.
  
• She did not want to learn the womens ways but
  rather a warrior's path Her brother taught by her
  the ways.
• She dressed, lived, and fought like a man. She
  never married.
• She had great skills as a warrior, scout, and
  planned battles well. She was included in all
  warrior ceremonies. She was a leader in dances
  prior to battles.
• Lozen was a medicine woman and shaman. People
  came from miles around to see her for her
  abilities as a healer.
• Lozen rode with Geronimo and Dahteste. She
  persuaded Geronimo to surrender to the military.
  This was the last free Apaches in 1886. She was
  taken prisoner to Florida. Later in Alabama she
  died of tuberculosis at 50 years old.

Geronimo's band after their final surrender. 
Geronimo is third from right in first row. Lozen
is third from right in third row.  
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Dahteste (ta-DOT-say) Around N.Mexico 1840s

• She choose the life of a warrior. She was the
  best of the best in war, hunting, fighting. It
  was said she was graceful and skillful.
• Geronimo was her family friend.
• She fought along side her husband as a scout,
  warrior and mediator to the Calvary. Dahteste was
  fluent in English.
• Lozen and Dahteste fought side by side. Both were
  instrumental in final surrender of Geronimo to
  the Government. She was imprisoned with Lozen and
  Geronimo in Florida and survived TB and
  pneumonia.
• Later she was transferred to Ft. Still and after
  19 years returned to Mescalero Apache Reservation
  and died of old age.

http//www.meyna.com/apache.html
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Gouyen Wise Woman Apache 1880s

• Gouyen was born into Chief Victorios Warm Spring
  Apache band.
• Gouyen, her son Kaywaykla, and 15 others survived
  an attack by Mexicans. Her husband was killed in
  a Comanche raid a short time later.
• Gouyen dressed in puberty dress the night after
  her husbands death and found the Comanche chief
  in a victory dance with her husbands scalp at his
  belt. She seduced the chief and killed him. She
  returned to camp with his scalp, breechcloth and
  moccasins.
• Kaytenae married Gouyen and later they were taken
  captive by the Army in Still, OK.

James Kaywaykla with his mother, Gouyen, and his
stepfather, Kaytennae.
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Helen Hunt Jackson1830-1885

• Activist for the Ponca Native Americans in
  Nebraska and Southern California. She was
  appalled at the unfair treatment at the hands of
  the Indian Agents.
• She wrote "Ramona" and was published in the
  Christian Union. An earlier work is" A Century
  of Dishonor."
• She died in 1885 as a a special government
  commissioner to the California Indians.
• The Ramona Pageant is an account of her novel. A
  staged outdoor theater opened in 1923 and is held
  annually over three weekends in the Ramona Bowl,
  in the foothills in Riverside County, California.
  The pageant features a 400- member cast, of area
  residents, and is probably the largest and
  longest-running outdoor play in the nation.
• Helen inspired a well known song, movie, and the
  outdoor play.

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Gertrude Simmons Bonnin-Educator and Activist
for Native American Human Rights1875-1938

• Zitkala-sa, "Red Bird," an educated on the
  reservation until the age of 8, she was sent to
  White's Institute, a Quaker school
• She enrolled at Earlham College, in Richmond,
  where she won an oratorical contest.
• A teacher at the Carlisle Indian School in
  Pennsylvania.
• She studied at the Boston Conservatory and
  excelled as a violinist. In 1900 Gertrude and the
  Carlisle Band went to Paris and performed an
  Opera she wrote which was based on the plains sun
  dance.  
• Gertrude was a Yankton Sioux reformer and writer
  who fought to obtain fairer treatment for her
  people by the federal government.
• In 1911 she became an active member in The
  society of American Indians.   The group worked
  for equal rights for all people and wanted to
  disband the Bureau of Indian Affairs.  
• In 1916, she was secretary for the society, and
  lobbied for her people at the Capitol. It was
  through her that the General Federation of
  Women's Clubs took an active interest in Indian
  welfare.
• In 1926, she founded the Council of American
  Indians and worked for the human rights and
  interests of Indians until her death. 
• She is buried in the Arlington Cemetery in WA.

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Information from Finnicum, Brenda, The Native
Voice, 4/30/03 http//www.native-voice.comhttp/
/www.army.mil/cmh-pg/moh1.htm

• DID YOU KNOW?
• Native Americans have the highest percentage
  serving in the military than any other group in
  America.  
• More than 12,000 Native Americans served during
  World War I, though they weren't official U.S.
  citizens. 
• More than 44,500 served in World War II, a
  greater per-capita rate than any other ethnic
  group.
• More than 50,000 served in Vietnam, 90 percent of
  them as volunteers.

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References

• http//nativeamericanrhymes.co/women/tekakwitha.ht
  mhttp//www.catholic-forum.com/saints/pst00811.ht
  m
• http//nativeamericanrhymes.com/women/bonnin.htm
• http//www.hanssen.priv.no/svenn/indians/index.htm
  lgouyen
• http//www.cc.uit.no/svenn/indians/gfx/geron.gif
  http//www.historyswomen.com/socialreformer/HelenH
  untJackson.html
• http//www.socalhistory.org/Biographies/hhjackson.
  htm
• http//images.google.com/imgres?imgurlhttp//www.
  wsmr-
• history.org/Photos/Kaywaykla.jpgimgrefurlhttp//
  www.wsmr-history.org/Kaywaykla.htmh375w270sz
  34tbnidwk4MT2bXguwpOMtbnh118tbnw84hlenst
  art2prev/images3Fq3DGouyen26svnum3D1026hl
  3Den26lr3D26sa3DN
• http//www.meyna.com/lozen.html
• http//www.powhatan.org/pocc.html
• http//www.utexas.edu/courses/wilson/ant304/projec
  ts/projects98/krochenskip/krochenskip.html
• http//www.lostworlds.org/georgia_indians_video.ht
  ml http//www.firstnationsfilms.com
• Theda Perdue. Cherokee Women. University of
  Nebraska Press. 1998.
• James Mooney. Myths of the Cherokees. (1900),
  490.