Lesson One

1
Lesson One
TSWBAT CO 1. Identify causes of infectious
diseases. CO 2. Describe four ways in which
infectious disease are spread. LO 1. Using a
graphic organizer to chart disease causing
pathogens and the diseases they cause
2
Critical Vocabulary

• Infectious Disease Microscopic Organism
• Pathogen Bacteria
• Toxin Fungi
• Protozoan

3
Understanding Infectious Diseases

• Infectious disease are caused by organisms or
  viruses that enter and multiply within the human
  body. Most are so small that they can be seen
  only through a microscope. Organisms this small
  are called microorganisms. Microorganisms and
  viruses that cause disease are called pathogens.
  Pathogens can cause an infectious disease when
  they enter your body and multiply.
• There are many kinds of pathogens. Bacteria are
  simple, single-celled microorganisms. Some
  bacteria injure cells by giving off poisons
  called toxins. Viruses, the smallest pathogens,
  can multiply only after entering living cells.
  Fungi, such as yeasts, molds, and mushrooms, grow
  best in warm, dark, moist areas. Protozoan,
  single-celled organisms that are much larger and
  more complex than bacteria, cause diseases such
  as malaria. Other pathogens include mites, lice,
  and certain worms.

4
Pathogens

• Pathogens can spread through contact with an
  infected person an infected animal contaminated
  objects or contaminated food, soil, or water.
• Infected people can spread diseases either
  through direct physical contact, such as shaking
  hands, or through indirect contact, such as
  sneezing.
• Infected animals can transmit disease by biting a
  person.
• Pathogens that can survive for a period outside
  the body can spread through contaminated objects
  such as eating utensils or doorknobs.
• Food, soil, or water can spread pathogens that
  were either present naturally or introduced by
  infected people.

5
Warm-up

• Myth
• Fact
• Writing Do you think most teens was their hands
  as much as they should? What do you think are
  some ways to encourage more frequent hand washing?

6
Causes of Infectious Diseases
1. Complete the table with details about
different kinds of pathogens.
7
How Pathogens are Spread
2. Complete the concept map about how disease are
spread.
8
Practice

• Passing It On
• Most infectious diseases are spread through
  direct or indirect contact with a person who has
  the disease. The common cold is spread in this
  way. The diagram on the next slide can give you
  an idea of how an infectious disease spread from
  one person to the next. Each box represents a
  person, and the lines connecting the boxes
  represent handshakes. For example, the person in
  Level A as you will see shook hands with both
  people in Level B.

9
Application
Level A
1.If the person in Level A has an
infectious disease that can be spread by direct
contact, how many people in Level E can trace
their exposure back to that person?____ 2. How
can people with colds avoid exposing others to
the disease? ____
Level B
Level C
D
E
10
Review

• What is a pathogen? Name four types of pathogens.
  
• How do pathogens cause infectious diseases?
• What is a virus? How are viruses different from
  bacteria?
• What are four ways that infectious diseases can
  spread?
• Critical Thinking
• Relating Cause and Effect Why do you think that
  communities boil their drinking water after a
  water line break?

11
Lesson Quiz 1

• D
• E
• B
• A
• F
• True
• False
• True
• True
• False

12
Lesson Two

• CO 1. Identify the bodys physical and chemical
  defenses against infectious disease.
• CO 2. Describe the inflammatory response.
• CO 3. Summarize how the immune system works.
• CO 4. Compare passive and active immunity.
• LO 2. List the step-by-step process of the
  inflammatory response.

13
Critical Vocabulary

• Mucous Membrane Inflammation
• Phagocyte Immune system Lymphocyte
• Immunity T-Cell B-Cell
• Antibody Lymphatic system Immunization
• Vaccine

14
Defenses Against Disease

• Your bodys first line of defense against
  infectious disease includes both physical and
  chemical defenses that prevent pathogens from
  entering your body. Your skin, saliva and tears,
  and digestive system function as both physical
  and chemical barriers against pathogens. The
  openings into your body, such as your mouth,
  eyes, and nose, are covered by protective linings
  called mucous membranes. Mucous membranes secrete
  mucus and other substances that trap or attack
  pathogens. Cilia, hairlike structures that line
  the mucous membranes, catch and remove pathogens.
• Inflammation is your bodys second line of
  defense against infection. Inflammation is your
  bodys general response to al kinds of injury,
  from cuts and scrapes to internal damage. When an
  area of the body is injured, blood, fluids, and
  white blood cells called phagocytes leak from
  enlarged vessels at the site of the injury.
  Theses substances destroy pathogens.

15
Immune System

• The immune system is your bodys third line of
  defense. The immune system fights disease by
  producing a separate set of weapons for each kind
  of pathogen it encounters. White blood cells
  called lymphocytes carry out most of the immune
  systems functions. There are two types of
  lymphocytes.
• T cells perform several functions, including
  destroying infected body cells and producing
  chemicals.
• B cells produce antibodies, proteins that attach
  to the surfaces of pathogens or to the toxins
  produced by pathogens.
• Much of your immune system is contained within
  your lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a
  network of vessels that collects fluid from your
  tissues and returns it to your bloodstream.

16
Immunity

• Immunity is your bodys ability to destroy
  pathogens that it has previously encountered
  before the pathogens can cause disease. There are
  two types of immunity.
• Passive immunity is acquired by receiving
  antibodies from a source other than ones own
  immune system.
• Active immunity results from having a disease or
  from receiving a vaccine.
• Injections that cause you to become immune to a
  disease are called immunizations. The substance
  that is injected is called a vaccine.

17
Warm-up

• Quick Quiz
• Writing For each of your responses, explain how
  your behavior could affect your chances of
  getting or spreading an infectious disease.

18
Physical and Chemical Defenses
1. Compare the table about the bodys first line
of defense against pathogens.
19
Figure 4

• Look at Figure four page 554. This micrograph
  shows a phagocyte (blue) attacking a bacteria
  (pink). Phagocytes kill pathogens by engulfing
  and then digesting them.

20
Inflammation

• 2. In what two ways does inflammation help
  protect the body?
• ___________________________________________
• ___________________________________________
• The Immune System
• 3. Label the main steps of the immune response in
  the diagram

1
2
T cell
Infected cells
3
T cell
Antibodies
virus
Y Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
4
21
Passive and Active Immunity
4. Compare passive and active immunity by
completing the Venn diagram. Write seminaries
where the circles overlap, and differences on
the left and right sides.
22
Practice
The body has three lines of defenses to guard
against infections.
Defending Against Infection Group
Activity The body uses three lines of defense to
guard against infections physical and chemical
defense systems, inflammation, and the immune
system. The three lines of defense can be
abbreviated as follows PC physical and
chemical defense system INF inflammation IMM
immune system. With a partner, identify and
discuss the line of defense used in the
infectious situations listed in the left column
of the chart on the next slide. Then fill in the
right column of the chart using your own words.
A sample has been provided.
23
Application
24
Review

• Name five physical and chemical defenses that
  prevent pathogens from entering your body.
• How does the inflammation process fight an
  infection in the body?
• What is a lymphocyte?
• How do the T cells and B cells of your immune
  system respond to pathogens?
• How are passive immunity and active immunity
  simliar? How are they different?
• Critical Thinking
• Applying Concepts Name two physical defenses
  that would protect your body against pathogens
  that might be found in a swimming pool.

25
Lesson Quiz 2

• C
• F
• A
• D
• B
• C
• D
• A
• A
• B

26
Lesson Three

• TSWBAT
• CO 1. Identify some diseases caused by bacteria
  and by viruses.
• CO 2. Describe behaviors that can help you get
  healthy and stay healthy.
• LO 3. Complete an outline with details about
  common infectious diseases to include symptoms,
  treatment, prevention, diagnoses and how they
  spread.

27
Critical Vocabulary

• Antibiotic

28
Common Infectious Diseases

• Four infectious diseases caused by bacteria are
  strep throat, Lyme disease, meningitis, and
  tuberculosis. Strep throat is common among
  teenagers. Symptoms include sore throat, swollen
  nodes, headache, and fever. People can become
  infected with the bacteria that cause Lyme
  disease when they are bitten by an infected tick.
  Symptoms include a rash at the site of the bite.
• Bacterial meningitis is an infection of the fluid
  surrounding the spinal cord and the brain.
  Symptoms include headache, high fever, stiff
  neck, and vomiting. Early treatment is critical
  to prevent serious illness or death. Tuberculosis
  is a highly contagious infection of the lungs. It
  is spread form person to person through coughing
  or sneezing. Symptoms may not occur for years
  after the initial infection. A bacterial disease
  may be treated with antibiotic, a drug that
  inhibits or kills bacteria.

29
Viral Diseases

• Viral diseases include the common cold,
  influenza, pneumonia, and hepatitis. The common
  cold is really a group of symptoms caused by a
  number of viruses. Colds are spread through
  contact with infected people or contaminated
  objects.
• Influenza, or the flu, is an infection of the
  upper respiratory system. It is spread the same
  way as a cold, but can cause more serious
  symptoms, such as a high fever. In some cases,
  influenza can develop into pneumonia, a serious
  ling infection. Hepatitis is an inflammation of
  the liver. Sympto9ms include fever, pain the the
  abdomen, and yellowing of the skin. The most
  common types of hepatitis are A, B, and C. most
  viral infections cannot be cured by medication.
  Antibiotics are not effective against viruses.

30
Protect your Health

• If you are not worried about your health for any
  reason, see a doctor and discuss your concerns
  with him or her.
• You can protect yourself from infectious diseases
  in three ways by avoiding contact with
  pathogens, by making sure that your immunizations
  are current, and by choosing healthful behaviors.
  One important healthful behavior is to wash you
  hands several times a day

31
Bacterial and Viral Diseases

• 1. Complete the outline by adding details about
  common infectious diseases.
• A. Strep throat D. Tuberculosis
• 1. Symptoms ___________ 1. Description
  ___________
• 2. Diagnosis ___________ 2. Spread by
  ____________
• B. Lyme disease 3.
  Symptoms ___________
• 1. Spread by ___________ E. Treating
  bacterial diseases
• 2. Spread by ___________ 1. Treatment
  ____________
• C. Bacterial meningitis
• 1. Description __________
• 2. Symptoms ___________

32
Viral Diseases
II Viral Diseases A. The common cold D.
Hepatitis 1.
Description _________ 1. Description
________ 2. Symptoms __________ 2.
Symptoms ________ 3. Spread by __________
3. Types _____________ B.
Influenza E.
Treating viral disease 1. Description
_________ 1. Treatment _________
2. Spread by __________ 3. Symptoms
__________ 4. Prevention _________ C.
Pneumonia ___________ 1. People at risk
________ 2. Description __________
33
Skill Builder
Felicia got home from her after-school job, ate
dinner, and sat down to study. All of the
sudden, she realized she had forgotten to take an
antibiotic tablet earlier that day. Her doctor
had prescribed the antibiotic for her strap
throat. Should Felicia take two tablets now to
make up for the one she missed? Or should she
just take one tablet now?
34
Practice the Skill

• On the next slide is a prescription, answer the
  following questions for that prescription. Write
  these questions in your notebook.
• 1. What medicine has been prescribed?
• 2. What is the dosage?
• 3. How often should the person take the medicine?
• 4. Should this medicine be taken with meals?
• 5. Are there specific foods or fluids that should
  not be taken with this medicine?
• 6. Should the person stop taking the medicine as
  soon as symptoms of the illness disappear?

35
Using Medicines Correctly
A. the name and strength
C. Directions for how much Medicine you should
take The dosage and how often to Take it
Call Dr. immediately if you experience severe
vomiting diarrhea, or skin rash
B. Number of pills or capsules provided
Esparzas Pharmacy ph [phone]
D. The expiration date E. Special Warnings or
precautions F. Warnings about side effects
Take on an empty stomach 3 hrs before or 2 hrs
after meals unless directed by Dr.
36
Review

• List four bacterial disease.
• What is an antibiotic? What type of pathogen does
  it work against?
• List four viral diseases. Describe how a mild
  viral infection might be treated.
• Describe five symptoms that should prompt you to
  seek medical care.
• Identify three healthful behaviors that can help
  you avoid infectious diseases.
• Critical Thinking
• Relating Cause and Effect Children usually have
  more infectious diseases per year than adults.
  Why do you think this is so?

37
Lesson Quiz 3

• A
• A
• D
• D
• B
• True
• True
• False
• True
• False

38
Lesson Four

• TSWBAT
• CO 1. Define the term emerging disease.
• CO 2. Identify five reasons why diseases emerge.
• LO 4. Using a graphic organizer list details
  about how disease emerge.

39
Critical Vocabulary

• Epidemic
• Emerging Disease

40
Emerging Infectious Diseases

• An epidemic is an unusually high occurrence of a
  disease in a certain place at a certain time. If
  an epidemic affects many areas of the world, it
  ma be called a pandemic.
• Some of the diseases that cause epidemics today
  are know as emerging diseases. An emerging
  disease is an infectious disease that has become
  increasingly common in humans within the last two
  years or threatens to become more common the the
  near future. Some emerging diseases are avian
  flu,
• SARS (Severe Acute Respirator Syndrome), yellow
  fever, dengue fever, and West Nile virus.

41
Disease Emerge

• Disease emerge when humans come into contact with
  infected animals pathogens become resistant to
  existing drugs or people lack appropriate
  immunizations. In addition, the increased
  frequency of international travel and a global
  food supply can enable emerging diseases to
  spread very quickly. An example of an emerging
  disease caused by animals is avian flu. Diseases
  can become drug resistant because the pathogens
  can mutate, or change over time. Some diseases
  remain a threat in areas of the world I witch
  people have not received vaccines. World
  travelers who carry pathogens can spread the
  pathogen around the world in a short amount of
  time. Pathogens in foods that travel around the
  world can cause disease outbreaks. Mad cow
  disease is an infectious disease that was spread
  by beef distributed to several countries.

42
Warm-up

• Health Stats
• Writing Should the United States be concerned
  about dengue fever? Explain

43
What is an emerging disease

• Define what is meant by the term emerging
  disease. An emerging disease is ____
• _________________________________________________
  _________________
• Why do Diseases Emerge?
• 2. Complete the table with details about the
  factors responsible for emerging diseases.

44
Practice

• Factors Responsible for SCARS
• SCARS is a freighting infectious disease that
  emerged in the early twenty-first century. At
  first, scientists had little idea about where the
  pathogen came from. And investigation followed,
  and by 2005, researchers felt confident that they
  understood how SCARS emerged.

• Write down the four questions, then read next
  slide.
• 1. What are the symptoms of SCARS?
• 2. How does SCARS spread form person to person?
• 3. Explain how the first contributing factor you
  identified contributed
• to the spread of SCATS.
• Explain how the second contributing factor you
  identified contributed
• to the spread of SCATS.

45
Application

• Cases of SCARS first appeared in southern China
  in 2002. The illness usually begins with a high
  fever-over 100 degrees F. other symptoms include
  headache, body aches, and dry cough. A type of
  pneumonia can follow. The disease can be deadly.
  Researchers discovered that the SCARS virus is
  spread by close person-to-person contact. When an
  infected person coughs or sneezes, infected
  droplets spread through the air and can be
  breathed in by others. An infected person can
  also contaminate objects such as a doorknob.
• Scientist found that SCARS emerged mainly
  because of close contact between humans and
  infected animals. Investigators in China
  discovered that the virus is widespread both in a
  type of bat and another wild mammal called civet.
  These animals were sold for food at markets in
  China and likely spread the virus to humans.
• People became sick form SCARS in China and in
  other countries. For example, there were over 100
  cases reported in Canada in 2003. There were also
  cases reported in the United States, though no
  deaths. The movement of disease from country to
  country was the result of international travel by
  people on business or vacation.

46
Review

• What is an epidemic?
• Explain what is meant of an emerging disease.
  Give an example of an emerging disease.
• List five factors that contribute to the
  development of emerging disease.
• Critical Thinking
• Predicting If you were traveling from a country
  with high rates of yellow fever, you could not
  enter some other countries without proof of a
  yellow fever vaccination. Predict what might
  happen if vaccinations were not required.

47
Lesson Quiz 4

• False
• True
• True
• True
• False
• B
• A
• C
• B
• D

48
Chapter 21 Test
11. C 12. F 13. A 14. D 15. B 16. Infectious 17.
Toxins 18. Emerging

• C
• B
• A
• C
• B
• True
• False
• True
• True
• False

19. A vaccine causes a persons immune system to
produce anti- bodies against the pathogen, as if
the person had actually been infected. 20. You
can avoid contact with pathogens, make sure that
your immunizations are current, and choose
healthful behaviors.