INTRODUCTRY TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

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INTRODUCTRY TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
THE VEGETABLE OIL EXTRACTION
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EXTRACTION

• Extraction is one of the most useful and widely
  used chemical seperation methods.
• There are two types of extraction process
• Solid Liquid Extraction
• Liquid Liquid Extraction

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Solid Liquid Extraction

• Leaching generally refers to the removal of a
  substance from a solid via a liquid extraction
  media.  The desired component diffuses into the
  solvent from its natural solid form.

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Some usage examples

• Examples of leaching include the removal of
  sugar from sugar beets with hot water and the
  removal of nickel salts or gold from their
  natural solid beds with sulfuric acid solutions.

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Types of Equipments

• There are many different types of equipment used
  for leaching.  Most of these pieces of equipment
  fall into one of two categories
• Percolation....."Liquid Added to Solids
• The solvent is contacted with the solid in a
  continuous or batch method.  This method is
  popular for in-place ore leaching or large scale
  "heap" leaching.  Popular for extreme amounts of
  solids.
• Dispersed Solids....."Solids Added to Liquid
• The solids are usually crushed into small
  pieces before being contacted with solvents. 
  This is a popular leaching method when an
  especially high recovery rate can economically
  justify the typically higher operating cost (Ex/
  gold extraction)

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Figure for Leaching
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Liquid Liquid Extraction

• Liquid extraction (or solvent extraction)
  refers to an operation in which the components of
  a liquid mixture are separated by contacting it
  with a suitable insoluble liquid solvent which
  preferentially dissolves one or more components.
• In this operation, the separation of the
  components depends upon the unequal distribution
  of the components between the immiscible liquids.
  The feed solution represents one phase and the
  solvent to be used to effect separation
  represents the second phase.  The mass transfer
  of the solute liquid takes place from the feed
  solution to the solvent phase.

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Basic Steps

• Typical liquid-liquid extraction operations
  utilize the differences in the solubilities of
  the components of a liquid mixture. The basic
  steps involved include1. Contacting the feed
  with the extraction solvent.2. Separation of the
  resulting phases, and 3. Removal/recovery of
  solvent from each phase.

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Typical liquid-liquid extraction operations
utilize the differences in the solubilities of
the components of a liquid mixture. The basic
steps involved include1. Contacting the feed
with the extraction solvent.2. Separation of
the resulting phases3. Removal/recovery of
solvent from each phase.

• Some Basic Steps Extractor Design

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LETS START TO EXTRACT SOME OIL!!!
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PREPERATION OF OIL EXTRACTION

• Oilseed processing
• Decortication
• Seed cleaning
• Size reduction
• Rolling
• Conditioning

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• Oilseed processing
• Various small-scale techniques are available
  to enable people in rural areas to process their
  own oilseeds locally. Careful consideration is
  needed to select the system that will best suit
  the local circumstances. These circumstances
  include the scale of operation required, the
  availability of a power source, and a number of
  other factors.
• Decortication
• Some oilseeds have a hard outer shell which
  must be removed before processing. This process
  is called decortication. Palm kernel is an
  example of a seed that must be decorticated prior
  to processing. The extraction of oil from other
  oilseeds which can be processed without
  decorticating them first, such as sunflower, may
  be aided by removing a proportion of the hulls
  before processing.

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• Seed cleaning
• It is essential to winnow and sieve oilseeds,
  prior to expelling, to remove as much dirt, dust,
  sand and small stones as possible. The presence
  of sand results in high wear on critical
  components of expellers such as cages, wormshafts
  and chokes. Using clean oilseed for expelling
  will greatly increase the time that the expeller
  can be used before replacement parts are needed.
• Size reduction
• Generally, small oilseeds (such as sesame or
  rapeseed) can be processed directly, while larger
  seeds (such as copra or shea nuts) need to be
  ground before processing. At the domestic level,
  grinding is usually carried out with a pestle and
  mortar (Plate I) while larger quantities may be
  ground in a village maize mill (Plate II).
  Hand-operated meat mincing machines can also be
  used in certain circumstances. The most common
  type of powered mill used for small-scale
  operations is the hammer mill.

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• Rolling
• Rolling a seed generally results in an
  improvement in oil extraction by increasing the
  surface area of the seed while at the same time
  retaining channels for the flow of oil. The
  flakes should be very fine and preferably thinner
  than 0.1 mm. Rolling before processing in a
  bridge press is said to increase oil yields by
  10 for palm kernel, groundnut and sunflower.
• Conditioning
• Oilseeds are nearly always conditioned before
  large-scale expelling. Small-scale expellers
  minimize the need for pre-treatment by using a
  relatively fast wormshaft speed which shears the
  oilseed as it passes through the expeller and
  produces frictional heating within the expeller
  barrel. This assists oil expulsion by raising the
  temperature of the oilseed.

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VEGETABLE OIL EXTRACTION

• The "modern" way of processing vegetable oil is
  by chemical extraction, using solvent extracts,
  which produces higher yields and is quicker and
  less expensive. The most common solvent is
  petroleum-derived hexane. This technique is used
  for most of the "newer" industrial oils such as
  soybean and corn oils.
• Another way is physical extraction, which does
  not use solvent extracts. It is made the
  "traditional" way using several different types
  of mechanical extraction. This method is
  typically used to produce the more traditional
  oils (e.g., olive), and it is preferred by most
  "health-food" customers in the USA and in Europe.
  Expeller-pressed extraction is one type, and
  there are two other types that are both oil
  presses the screw press and the ram press. Oil
  seed presses are commonly used in developing
  countries, among people for whom other extraction
  methods would be prohibitively expensive. The
  amount of oil extracted using these methods
  varies widely.

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• Wet extraction methods
• In wet extraction methods water is used to
  extract oil from oilseeds. The distinction should
  be made between wet methods and water-assisted
  methods of oil extraction.
• Wet extraction methods involve the use of a
  relatively large amount of water so that the
  oilseed is suspended in the water and the
  extracted oil floats on the surface.

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WATER-ASSISTED METHODS

• Involve the addition of a small quantity of
  water to the oilseed before the oil is extracted
  by manual kneading. These methods are discussed
  later. They are not classified as wet methods
  because all the water used is absorbed by the
  oilseed and no separate water layer is apparent.

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HOT WATER FLOTATION (HWF) METHOD

• The hot water flotation (HOOF) method of edible
  oil extraction is traditionally used in the rural
  areas of many developing countries. Usually,
  decorticated oilseed is used. The oilseed kernels
  are heated and ground by pounding in a pestle and
  mortar. The ground seed is then suspended in
  boiling water and boiled for at least 30 min.
  Liberated oil floats to the surface. Further
  quantities of water are sometimes added after
  boiling to replace that lost by evaporation, and
  to encourage the oil to float to the surface. The
  oil is carefully scooped from the surface of the
  water using a shallow dish and is then heated
  over a fire to remove residual moisture.

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• The advantage of the HWF method over other
  small-scale oilseed processing techniques, such
  as those using expellers or ghanis, is its
  simplicity. The equipment required (pestle and
  mortar, boiling pans, etc.) is readily available.
  However, oil yields tend to be low and the
  process can be time consuming and arduous. This
  is especially true if traditional pestle and
  mortar methods are used to grind the oilseed
  kernel. If long boiling times are used, fuel
  consumption will also be high.
• The above method may be applied to most oilseeds
  with varying degrees of success. Sources of oil,
  such as coconut and oil palm fruits, can be
  processed by traditional methods which make use
  of the water already present in the seed.

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OIL EXTRACTION MACHINE
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SOYBEAN MEALS STORAGE
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OIL EXTRACTION PLANT
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OIL EXPELLERS

• Series of small scale oil expeller These small
  scale screw type oil expeller are advanced oil
  processing machinery, characterized by their high
  oil output rate with good quality, simple design,
  easy to use and continuous operation. They can
  use for various raw material, such as peanut,
  beans, rape and cotton seeds, sesame, olive,
  sunflower, coconut, grass seed etc

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Oil expellers

• Expellers are continuous in operation and work by
  grinding and pressing the raw material as it is
  carried through a barrel by a helical screw.The
  pressure inside the barrel, and hence the yield
  of oil, are adjusted using a choke ring at the
  outlet. The equipment has higher production rates
  than similar sized presses but is more expensive
  to buy and operate.

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PRESS TYPES OF THE OIL EXTRACTION PROCESSES
These presses are used in the rolling stage of
the oil extraction. They help the extraction by
widening the extraction surface area.

• Manual presses
• The wedge press
• The plank press
• Cage presses
• Curb presses
• Bridge press

• Bridge-type Cage press
• Scissor press
• Hydraulic press
• Ram press
• Ghani

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• CURB PRESS

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BRIDGE PRESS
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SCISSOR PRESS
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HYDRAULIC PRESS
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RAM PRESS
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POWER GHANI
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INFORMATION ABOUT SOME TYPES OF OILSEEDS

• COCONUTS
• Coconuts grow in the coastal areas of the
  tropics.
• Major producing countries are The
  Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka,
  India, Cote d'Ivoire, Mozambique, Tanzania, and
  the Pacific Islands.

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• USAGE EXAMPLES OF COCONUT
• As a cooking oil and in the preparation of oil
  and fat blends for the food industry.
• Soap-making

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• GROUNDNUTS
• The groundnut is an annual plant.
• Varieties are grown as two types, either as a
  bushy bunch or as a runner.
• Groundnuts grow in tropical and subtropical
  regions, and in warm parts of temperate regions.

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USAGE EXAMPLES OF GROUNDNUTS

• Using a diesel-powered CeCoCo H54 expeller

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• OIL PALMS
• The oil palm requires a rainy tropical climate
• begin to fruit after 10 years
• do not give a full crop for about 20 years

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USAGE EXAMPLES OF OIL PALMS

• Used in commercial agriculture in the production
  of palm oil.

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• RAPSEED MUSTERDSEED
• Rape and mustard are similar species and for the
  purposes of this manual can be treated as one
  oilseed. Rape is one of the most widely
  cultivated oilseed crops

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• SUNFLOWER SEED
• Sunflower is an annual plant that thrives in the
  tropics at medium and high elevations and, under
  suitable conditions, in temperate climates.

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• SOYA
• The soyabean, or soybean, is an annual, and with
  the selection of the appropriate variety, can be
  grown in a wide range of conditions

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SOYBEAN (SOYABEAN) OILS
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USAGE EXAMPLES OF SOYABEAN

• Widely used as a food crop
• Raw material in the manufacture of 'textured
  vegetable protein' used for human consumption

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TAKE LOOK AT OILSEEDS )
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MEANING OF SOME OILSEEDS ))

• Palm Palmiye
• Sesame Susam
• Rapeseed Kolza tohumu
• Mustardseed Hardal tohumu
• Linseed Keten tohumu
• Cottonseed pamuk tohumu

• Soyabean Soya
• Groundnut yerfistigi
• Castorseed keneotu tohumu
• Sunflower ayçiçegi
• Copra kurutulmus hindistan cevizi

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TEAM E

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