Latrines

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Latrines

• CE 525
• Sybil Sharvelle

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Overview

• Importance
• Pit Latrines
• Design
• Aqua Privy
• Composting Toilet
• Choosing design
• Barriers to implementation

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Aqua Privy

• Underground watertight vault filled with water
• Excreta
• Washwater

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Aqua Privy
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Aqua Privy
3m
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Aqua Privy - Size
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Aqua Privy - Size
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Water-tight Vault Design
Do not allow water to drop below bottom of drop
pipe, odors!!!
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Aqua Privy

• Watertight vault - 1m2 x 2m deep
• Walls and floor must be waterproof
• Maintain water level in vault
• 1-10 l/day (washwater can be used)
• Overflow into soakaway.
• Clean slab weekly.
• Remove sludge, refill every 2-6 years.

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Aqua Privy Sludge Removal

• Empty when sludge level is one half the depth of
  the pit

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Aqua Privy Sludge Disposal
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Composting Toilet

• No water added
• Aerobic conditions maintained to promote
  microbial and fungal breakdown of wastes
• Break down to 10-30 of initial volume
• End product is stable soil-like material suitable
  for use as fertilizer

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Composting Toilet
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Composting Toilet
Double Vault one in use
Slab same as pit latrine
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Composting Toilet

• Add Ashes, Sawdust, wood chips. fruit/vegetable
  waste.
• When 2/3 full, bury and switch vaults.
• After 6-12 months, remove compost.
• Safe to fertilize crops?

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EcoSan Latrine

• Newer technology.
• Separate urine from feces.
• Used as N, P, K source.
• Feces exposed minimally to water, dries out to
  reduce pathogens.
• Mix ash with each use.
• Completely lined to avoid infiltration.

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EcoSan Latrine Homemade
Source Morgan, Peter (2007). Toilets That Make
Compost, EcosanRes Program
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EcoSan Latrine - Homemade
Source Morgan, Peter (2007). Toilets That Make
Compost, EcosanRes Program
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EcoSan Excrement Collection
Source Morgan, Peter (2007). Toilets That Make
Compost, EcosanRes Program
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EcoSan - Composting
Source Morgan, Peter (2007). Toilets That Make
Compost, EcosanRes Program
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EcoSan Latrine

• Advantages
• Disadvantages

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Comparison
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Choosing Latrine Type???
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Implementation

• Identify problem site survey, questions, medical
  data.
• Initiate/organize participation of the
  population.
• Propose alternatives analysis of data and
  options.
• Choose a method needs, social suitability,
  resources (financial, material and human),
  geography (soils, water, climate), space (family
  or collective systems).
• Implement the system chosen involve the
  population, control the costs, plan the
  construction.
• Use and maintain the system inform, educate.
  Take special care with collective systems.
• Evaluate the system inspection and monitoring.

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Barriers to Implementation

• Lack of political will.
• Low prestige and recognition.
• Poor policy at all levels.
• Weak institutional framework.
• Inadequate and poorly used resources.
• Inappropriate approaches.
• Failure to recognize defects of current excreta
  management systems.
• Neglect of consumer preferences.
• Ineffective promotion and low public awareness.
• Women and children last.

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Cultural Barriers?

• Beliefs, myths and superstitions.
• Gender issues.
• Habit and comfort.

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Social Acceptance and Success

• People identify with home-grown technologies
• Sanitation technologies need to suit local
  materials and building practices, local economic
  conditions, and local cultural practices and
  beliefs.
• Different people want different latrines
• Latrine programs need to provide a range of
  options. Standard designs (such as the brick VIP
  latrine) are often comparatively expensive
  because they have to function in a variety of
  conditions, and so they seldom cater for all the
  population.
• Hygiene promotion is essential
• Sanitation facilities rarely improve health or
  hygiene on their own. However, hygiene promotion
  can change peoples hygiene behavior and
  translate water and sanitation investments into
  health benefits.

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Movie

• http//www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/watch/player.htm
  l?pkg704_mozseg1mod0