Capнtulo 3

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Capítulo 3

• Usos de los artículos definidos e indefinidos
• El subjuntivo para expresar sentimientos,
• emociones y dudas
• Estar el participio pasado

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Capítulo 3
1 Usos de los artículos definidos e indefinidos
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Usos de los artículos definidos e indefinidos

• Los artículos definidos (el, la, los, las) are
  used in the following instances

1. Before abstract nouns (la paz, la vida, el
amor) and nouns used in general sense (el café,
la cerveza). La vida de la ciudad es
intensa. City life is intense.
2. Before parts of the body and articles of
clothing when it is clear who the possessor
is. Voy a ponerme la chaqueta porque hace frío
aquí. Im going to put on my jacket because it is
cold here.
3. Before the days of the week to mean
on. Tenemos la clase de español los lunes,
miércoles y viernes. We have the Spanish class
on Mondays,Wednesdays and Fridays.
4. Before dates and times of day. Empezaron a
construir la casa el catorce de marzo. They began
to build the house on March 14.
5. Before names of languages, except when
they follow de, en or hablar. However, the
article is often omitted after the following
verbs aprender, enseñar, entender, escribir,
estudiar, leer, and saber. El español no es un
idioma oficial de los Estados Unidos pero muchas
personas lo hablan. Spanish is not an official
language of the United States but many people
speak it.
6. Before titles, (except San, Santa, don and
doña) when speaking about the person, though
the article is omitted when speaking to the
person. Tenemos que hablar con la profesora
Salgado sobre la renovación de su casa. We have
to speak with Professor Salgado about remodeling
her house.
7. Before the names of certain cities, regions,
and countries such as La Habana, Los
Ángeles, La Mancha, El Salvador, and La
República Dominicana. However, the article is
optional with the following countries. (la)
Argentina (la) China (el) Paraguay (el)
Brasil (el) Ecuador (el) Perú (el) Canadá (el)
Uruguay (los) Estados Unidos
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Usos de los artículos definidos e indefinidos

• Los artículos indefinidos (un, una, unos, unas)
  are used when the noun is not known to the
  listener or reader. Once the noun is identified,
  the definite article is used.

• Indefinite articles are omitted in the following
• instances
• a. after hacerse and ser when followed by an
• unmodified noun referring to nationality,
• political afiliation, profession, or religion.
• Pensaba hacerse contratista pero ahora quiere ser
  
• arquitecto.
• He was thinking about becoming a contractor by
  now
• he wants to be an architect.

b. before cien(to), cierto, medio, mil, otro,
and tal (such). Pensamos gastar mil dólares
para terminar la cocina. We are planning on
spending a thousand dollars to finish the
kitchen.
c. after the prepositions con and sin. El
plomero nunca trabaja sin gorro. The plumber
never works without a hat.

• in negative sentences and after verbs like
• buscar, hacer, and tener when the
• numerical notion of un(o) or una is not
• important.
• No tengo carro hoy así que no te puedo llevar.
• I dont have a car today, so I cant take you.

• Indefinite articles are used in the following
• instances
• a. Before a number, unos and unas are used to
• indicate an approximate amount.
• Necesitamos unas dos toneladas de ladrillos para
  el
• Proyecto.
• We need about two tons of bricks for the project.

b. before a noun that is modified. Antonio
Gaudí fue un arquitecto español
innovador. Antonio Gaudí was an innovative
Spanish architect.
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Capítulo 3
2 El subjuntivo para expresar sentimientos, emocio
nes y dudas
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El subjuntivo para expresar sentimientos,
emociones y dudas

• In Capítulo 2 you learned about the subjunctive
  to express volition or will (commands, requests,
  and wishes). In Spanish, you also may use the
  subjunctive to express feelings, emotions, doubt,
  and probability.

Me alegro de que tengas un presupuesto. Im happy
that you have a budget.
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El subjuntivo para expresar sentimientos,
emociones y dudas

• Some verbs and phrases used to express feelings
  and emotions
• alegrarse de to be happy (about)
• avergonzarze de (o-ue) to feel (to be) ashamed
  of
• gustar to like
• ser bueno/malo to be good/bad
• ser lástima to be a shame
• sentir to regret
• temer / tener miedo (de) to be afraid (of)

Temo que no podamos comprarla . Im afraid we
cannot buy it.
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El subjuntivo para expresar sentimientos,
emociones y dudas

• Some verbs used to express doubt and probability
• dudar to doubt
• no creer not to believe not to think
• no estar seguro (de) to be uncertain
• no pensar not to think
• ser dudoso to be doubtful
• ser probable to be probable

Marco no cree que nosotros sepamos suficiente
para renovar una casa. Marcos doesnt think that
we know enough to renovate the a house
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El subjuntivo para expresar sentimientos,
emociones y dudas

• The verbs creer, estar seguro de, and pensar do
  not use the subjunctive, but rather the
  indicative after que because they do not express
  doubt.

Creo que podemos terminar de renovar el baño
para septiembre. I believe that we can finish
renovating the bathroom by September. Julio
está seguro de que esta lavadora es la mejor que
jamás ha tenido. Julio is certain that this
washing machine is the best he has ever had.

• When there is no doubt, uncertainty, or disbelief
  about an action or event, and the subject appears
  certain of the facts, or if no emotion is being
  expressed, the indicative is used.

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El subjuntivo para expresar sentimientos,
emociones y dudas

• If there is doubt, uncertainty, or disbelief
  about an action or event, and the subject appears
  uncertain of the facts, the subjunctive is used.

Julio no está seguro de que esta lavadora sea la
mejor que jamás ha tenido. Julio is not certain
that this washing machine is the best he has
ever had. No creo que podamos terminar de
terminar de renovar el baño para septiembre. I
dont believe that we can finish renovating the
bathroom by September.
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Capítulo 3
3 Estar el participio pasado
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Estar el participio pasado

• In Capítulo 1 you learned that the present
  perfect tense is a compound tense formed with the
  present tense of haber (he, has, ha, ect.) past
  participle (-ado/ido).
• The verb estar may be used with the past
  participle to describe the result of an action.

Las ventanas están cerradas. The windows are
closed. (Someone closed the
windows.) La puerta estaba cerrada
The door was open when I cuando yo llegué.
arrived. (Someone opened
the door.)

• When used with estar, the past participle is an
  adjective and agrees in number and gender with
  the noun it modifies

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FIN