GIS For Location Based Services

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GIS For Location Based Services
Shashika Biyanwila
Independent Study Presentation As partial
fulfillment of M. Sc. Degree
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Outline

• What is LBS?
• What is GIS?
• Desktop GIS
• Web GIS
• Mobile GIS
• Summary

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What is LBS ?

• Provide personalized services to mobile users
  based on their current location
• Where am I?
• What is the nearest restaurant, cinema ect.

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What is LBS ?
Mobile Devices
http//www.geo.unizh.ch/
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What is LBS ?

• Definition 1 (Virrantaus et al. 2001)
• LBSs are information services accessible with
  mobile devices through the mobile network and
  utilizing the ability to make use of the location
  of the mobile device.
• Definition 2 (OGC, 2005 )
• A wireless-IP service that uses geographic
  information to serve a mobile user. Any
  application service that exploits the position of
  a mobile terminal.

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What is LBS ?

• LBS as an intersection of three technologies

http//www.geo.unizh.ch/publications/cartouche/lbs
_lecturenotes_steinigeretal2006.pdf

• LBS need to deal with GIS

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What is GIS ?
A Geographic Information System (GIS) is an
organized collection of computer hardware,
software, geographic data, methods, and personnel
designed to efficiently capture, store, update,
manipulate, analyze and display all forms of
geographically referenced information
ESRI,1996.

• GIS services (OpenGIS Guide Buehler McKee,
  1998)
• Geodata Services
• Geoprocessing Services

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Key Features of GIS

• Information from different sources
• Computer databases
• Digital maps
• GPS receiver
• Satellite image
• Data integration

http//erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/gis_poster/
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Key Features of GIS

• Projection
• Information retrieval
• Data output
• Overlay
• Topological modeling

http//erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/gis_poster/
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Data Representation

• Raster Data
• Represent images as a collection of pixels
• A grid of cells covering an image / area
• Higher data volume
• Example of raster formats
• GeoTiff
• ARC/INFO ASCII Grid
• ARC/INFO GRID
• ECW
• IMG

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Data Representation

• Vector Data
• Use geometrical shapes (Lines, Points, Polygons)
• Low data volume
• Example of vector formats
• Shape files
• MapInfo TAB
• NTF
• TIGER

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Types of GIS

• GIS is moving from Desktop systems to
  Distributed system
• ?OpenGIS concept
• Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)
  http//www.opengeospatial.org
• Develop specifications to increase the
  interoperability of geospatial data and
  geoprocessing software components

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Desktop GIS

• Represents the real world on a computer
• Limited to the desktop Computer
• Not everyone can access the applications
• Desktop GIS Functionalities
• View data on a map
• Analyze data
• Create publication quality, professional maps

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Desktop GIS Software

• GIS Software
• ? Proprietary Software
• - ArcGIS Desktop (ESRI)
• - Envision (Autodesk)
• - MapInfo Professional
• ? Free and Open Source Software (FOSS)
• - GRASS GIS
• - Quantum GIS (QGIS)

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Proprietary Software

• 1. ArcGIS Desktop (ESRI)

• Includes four software components.
• ArcReader
• ArcView
• ArcEditor
• ArcInfo

http//www.esri.com/products.html
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Proprietary Software

• 1. ArcGIS Desktop

• ArcReader
• An easy-to-use desktop mapping application
• Allow users to view, explore and print maps
• ArcView
• A full featured GIS software
• Allow users to view, analyze, manage and create
  geographic data

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Proprietary Software

• 1. ArcGIS Desktop

• ArcEditor
• A powerful GIS desktop system
• Provide all the functionality of ArcView
• Provide data edit capability
• Supports single user editing OR collaborative
  process

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Proprietary Software

• 1. ArcGIS Desktop

• ArcInfo
• The most complete GIS
• Includes all the functionality of ArcEditor,
  ArcView, and ArcReader
• Provide advanced spatial analysis, extensive
  data manipulation, and high-end cartography
  tools

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Proprietary Software

• 2. Envision (Autodesk)

• Integrates GIS spatial data and AutoCad design
  data
• Perform civil engineering tasks such as
• - calculating elevations
• - cut/fill volumes
• running flood analyses
• AutoDesk Raster Design is used to edit, modify,
  and enhance raster data

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Proprietary Software

• 3. MapInfo Professional

• A full featured Desktop geospatial solution
• Comes with easy-to-use software and a powerful
  software tool
• Vertical Mapper third party add-on for raster
  data

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FOSS Software

• 1. GRASS GIS

• GRASS - Geographic Resources Analysis Support
  System
• Supports various platforms
• Supports for both raster vector formats

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FOSS Software

• 1. GRASS GIS

• Functionalities
• geospatial data management and analysis
• image processing
• graphics/maps production
• spatial modeling
• visualization

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FOSS Software
2. Quantum GIS (QGIS)

• Support multiple platforms
• - Linux, Unix, Mac OSX, and Windows
• Support multiple data formats
• vector, raster, database formats
• GRASS layers
• Extendable functionality using plug-ins

http//qgis.org/brochure/qgis_brochure_en.pdf
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Applicability for LBS

• Issues
• Limited to a Desktop PC
• Cannot access remotely
• LBS deals with mobile users
• Need remote access to GIS
• Transfer information between user and the GIS
• ? Desktop GIS not suitable for LBS

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Web GIS

• Web GIS is a Geographic Information System
  distributed across a networked computer
  environment to integrate, disseminate, and
  communicate geographic information visually on
  the World Wide Web over the Internet.
  Gillavry, 2000
• Disseminate geospatial data and processing tools
• Possible to Process geo-related information with
  no location restrictions.

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Web GIS Architecture
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1. Client Server Architecture

• Geoprocessing ? Server side Client side tasks
• Typical three tier architecture
• Presentation tier
• - Contains user interface
• Application logic tier
• - Model process GIS data
• Storage tier
• - Databases that store GIS data

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1. Client Server Architecture

• A typical client-server architecture

• Two types
• - Thin client architecture
• - Thick client architecture

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2. Distributed Architecture

• Both data and processing components are
  distributed
• The client and server do not refer to a specific
  machine
• Geodata anywhere, Geoprocessing anywhere model
• Distributed object architectures
• Microsoft's Distributed Component Object Model
  (DCOM)
• Common Object Request Broker Architecture
  (CORBA)
• Java Remote Method Invocation (Java RMI)

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IMS Software

• Allow users to access spatial data via a web
  browser interface
• Interact with web server and spatial database

• Proprietary software
• ArcView IMS (ESRI)
• MapObjects IMS (ESRI)
• ArcIMS (ESRI)
• MapGuide (Autodesk)

• FOSS software
• Minnesota Map Server
• Open-GIS Multiviewer
• GIS Viewer

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Proprietary software

• ArcView IMS (ESRI)
• Extension of ESRI's Desktop-GIS application-
  ArcView
• One of the first available Map Server systems
• Requires an open session of ArcView running on
  the Web server with IMS ArcView middleware
• Client cannot change the composition of the
  received map

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Proprietary software

• 2. MapObjects IMS (ESRI)
• Integrate three applications MapObjects IMS,
  MapObjects Professional, and ArcExplorer
• Can consider as a programming platform
• For GIS applications - Visual Basic, Visual C
  , Delphi
• For client applications - HTML (JavaScript),
  ActiveX
• Supports Windows or UNIX-based Web servers
• Uses modern three-tier architecture

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Proprietary software

• 3. ArcIMS (ESRI)
• Most widely used Proprietary IMS software
• A three tier architecture

http//gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org/sig/ims-technology-es
ri.htm
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Proprietary software

• 3. ArcIMS
• The components of the ArcIMS server
• Spatial Server
• Applications Server
• Connectors to the Applications Server Servelets,
  ColdFusion, ActiveX
• Administrator
• Tool for designing map services ? need not to
  program client
• Client receives instructions suitable for
  processing

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Proprietary software

• 4. MapGuide (Autodesk)
• Similar capacities to those of ArcIMS
• Provide tools for basic geographical operations
• Own data format SDF
• Extensions required to convert other formats to
  SDF format

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FOSS software

• 1. Minnesota Map Server
• Worlds leading open source Web-Mapping tool
• Originally developed for the University of
  Minnesota (UMN)
• Supported platforms Linux/Apache, Windows
  NT/98/95
• A CGI program that sits inactive on a Web Server
• Uses information passed in the URL and the Map
  File to process the request

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FOSS software

• 1. Minnesota Map Server
• The MapServer architecture ?
• Client - Web browser
• Server
• - HTTP Server (Apache, IIS)
• - MapServer CGI (mapserve.exe)
• - Map Files
• - Geographic Data
• ESRI Shape files, GeoTIFF

Illustrated according to diagram from
http//mapserver.gis.umn.edu/new_users/msappdiagra
m/
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FOSS software

• 1. Minnesota Map Server
• How MapServer works?

http// ltlocation of the mapserver programgt
ltlocation of the mapfilegt ltother
parametersgt http//192.8.10.52/cgi-bin/mapserve.ex
e? map/ms4w/apps/app1/htdocs/test.map
Request
Mapserver (CGI)
Request
Web Browser
Web Server
Result
test.map
Mapfiles
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FOSS software

• 1. Minnesota Map Server
• Advantages of using MapServer
• Comes as a standard package which bundles
  MapServer and many required supporting tools
• No dedicated hardware is required
• Client is only a web browser
• Not bounded to any specific language
• Compliant to the OGC Specification
• Support for database access (PostGIS, MySql)

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FOSS software

• 2. GIS VIEWER
• Developed by the University of California,
  Berkeley at "UC Berkeley Digital Library Project
  
• Supported platforms Unix, Linux, Windows NT
• Display geographical information by means of a
  window (viewfinder)

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Applicability for LBS

• Key features of web GIS
• Distribute geospatial data over the Internet or
  an Intranet
• Limited to hardwired networks
• Features of Mobile devices
• Use wireless Internet (low bandwidth, low
  connection speed)
• Limited processing power
• Diversity nature
• ? Web GIS not suitable for
  LBS

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Mobile GIS

• Mobile GIS is an integrated software/hardware
  framework for the access of geospatial data and
  services through mobile devices via wireline or
  wireless networks. http//map.sdsu.edu/publicati
  ons/Tsou2-CaGIS-final-short.pdf
• Mobile GIS can be taken as a sub new research
  area in Web GIS
• Address issues such as.
• moving client side
• wireless internet
• limited hardware resources in moving client side

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Mobile GIS Architecture
Client - Mobile GIS receiver - Positioning
System - Mobile GIS software Server -
Geospatial data - GIS content server
http//map.sdsu.edu/publications/Tsou2-CaGIS-final
-short.pdf

• Similar to the traditional client/server
  architecture in Web GIS
• Use Thin Client structure

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Mobile GIS Applications

• Two major application areas
• 1. Location Based Services
• 2. Field based GIS

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Mobile GIS Technologies for LBS

• LBS deals with cellular phones and vehicle based
  computers ? Very diverse in nature

• Integrate the wireless Internet with GIS
• Two main technologies
• WAP
• JAVA

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• 1. WAP based Mobile GIS

• Proposed by Wang Fangxiong and Jian Zhiyong
• Use WAP along with J2EE

• Four tier architecture
• Presentation tier - UI
• WAP service tier - WAP gateway Web server
• Application tier Application server
• Data service tier Spatial database

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2. JAVA based Mobile GIS

• Proposed by Xiaoqing Zhou, Xinming Tang, Zhao Fan
  and Zhongping Wang
• Client side J2ME
• Server side J2EE
• Three tier architecture
• Client tier
• Web service tier
• Data tier

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Mobile GIS Technologies for Field applications

• Need computationally intensive devices with large
  display screens.
• Ex Pocket Tablet PCs
• Available Software
• - Cross platform
• - Independent of hardware devices

• ArcGIS Mobile (ESRI)
• ArcPad (ESRI)
• MapInfo MapXtend
• IntelliWhere (Intergraph )
• Onsite

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Applicability for LBS
Mobile GIS developed for LBS !
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Summary

• Introduction to LBS
• Introduction to GIS
• Different types of GIS (Desktop GIS, Web GIS,
  Mobile GIS)
• - Overview
• - Available Architectures
• - Available software / technologies
• - Applicability for LBS

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References

• Stefan Steiniger, Moritz Neun and Alistair
  Edwardes, Foundations of Location Based Services,
  CartouCHe1 - Lecture Notes on LBS, V. 1.0
• Geographic information system online.
  Available from
• Wikipedia lt http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograph
  ic_information_systemgt
• Geographic information system (GIS) poster.
  Available from
• lt http//erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/gis_poster/ gt
• Product overview online. Available from lt
  http//www.esri.com/products.htmlgt
• Desktop GIS software for Hydrological
  Application online. Available from
• lt http//www.swhydro.arizona.edu/archive/V3_N3/
  featurette2.pdfgt
• Geographic Resources Analysis Support System
  online. Available fromlt http//grass.itc.it/gt
• QGIS brochure online. Available from lt
  http//qgis.org/brochure/qgis_brochure_en.pdfgt
• A.A. Alesheikh, H.Helali, H.A.Behroz, Web GIS
  Technologies and Its Applications, Symposium on
  Geospatial Theory, Processing and Applications,
  Ottawa 2002
• Hussein Helali, Design and Implementation of a
  Web GIS for the City of Tehran, Masters Thesis,
  Department Of Geodesy And Geomatics Engineering,
  K.N.Toosi University Of Technology, September
  2001

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References

• Internet Map Services online. Available from
  
• lthttp//gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org/sig/internet-map
  -services.htmgt
• Map Object Internet Map Server version 2
  brochure online. Available from
• lt http//www.esri.comgt
• MapServer New Users online. Available from
• http//mapserver.gis.umn.edu/new_users
• Nimalika Fernando, Web GIS based Post -Tsunami
  Recovery Management tool for Sri Lanka, Masters
  Thesis, Keele University, September 2006
• Li Luqun, Li Minglu, A Research on Development
  of Mobile GIS Architecture, Environmental
  Infomatics Archives, ISEIS 2004
• Ming-Hsiang Tsou, Integrated Mobile GIS and
  Wireless Internet Map Servers for Environmental
  Monitoring and Management,2004
• Ye Lei, Lin Hui, Which One Should be Chosen for
  the Mobile Geographic Information Service Now,
  WAP vs. i-mode vs. J2ME?, Springer Science, 2006
• Wang Fangxiong , Jiang Zhiyong, Research on A
  Distributed Architecture of Mobile GIS Based on
  Wap
• Xiaoqing Zhou, Xinming Tang, Zhao Fan, Zhongping
  Wang, Research of LBS Based on Java and An
  Application Solution
• ArcGIS Mobile brochure online. Available from
  http//www.esri.com/arcgismobile
• ArcPad Mobile GIS, An ESRI White Paper ,
  September 2004

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QUESTIONS ???
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THANK YOU !!!