Cellular Respiration All Organisms CH2O + O2 ? CO2 + H2O + Energy

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Cellular RespirationAll OrganismsCH2O O2 ?
CO2 H2O Energy

• Oxidizable Organic Molecule

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Cellular RespirationAll OrganismsCH2O O2 ?
CO2 H2O Energy

• Oxidizable Organic Molecule
• Aerobic Anaerobic

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Cellular RespirationAll OrganismsCH2O O2 ?
CO2 H2O Energy

• Oxidizable Organic Molecule Used
• Aerobic Anaerobic
• Energy Currency

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Cellular RespirationAll OrganismsCH2O O2 ?
CO2 H2O Energy

• Oxidizable Organic Molecule
• Aerobic Anaerobic
• Energy Currency ATP

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PhotosynthesisGreen Plant Cells

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PhotosynthesisPhotoautotrophsC02 H20 ? CH2O
O2 H2O

• Oxidizable Organic Molecule Made
• Oxygen Produced
• Light Dependent
• CO2 split?

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PhotosynthesisPhotoautotrophsC02 H20 ? CH2O
O2 H2O

• Purple Sulfur Bacteria
• CO2 H2S ? CH2O S

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PhotosynthesisPhotoautotrophsC02 H20 ? CH2O
O2 H2O

• Purple Sulfur Bacteria
• CO2 H2S ? CH2O S
• Radioactive Isotopes (Plants)
• CO2 H2O ? CH2O O2
• CO2 H2O ? CH2O O2

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PhotosynthesisPhotoautotrophsC02 H20 ? CH2O
O2 H2O

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PhotosynthesisPhotoautotrophsC02 H20 ? CH2O
O2 H2O

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Chloroplast

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Chloroplast Structure

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Chloroplast

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Development of Chloroplasts(circular DNA)

• Protoplastid
• Etioplast
• Prolamellar body
• (chromoplasts or
• leucoplasts)
• Chloroplast

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PhotosynthesisPhotoautotrophsC02 H20 ? CH2O
O2 H2O

• Light needed to split water
• Pigment Molecules
• large complex molecules that can trap
• light energy

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Photosyntheically Active Radiation (PAR)

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PhotosynthesisPhotoautotrophsC02 H20 ? CH2O
O2 H2O

• Light needed to split water
• Pigment Molecules
• PGAL C3 1st Food -gt Glucose
• Starch
• Lipids
• Proteins
• recycled CO2 acceptor
• RuBP C5

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PhotosynthesisPhotoautotrophsC02 H20 ? CH2O
O2 H2O

• Pigment Molecules
• Chlorophyll a C55H72O5N4Mg
• Blue-green
• 4 tetrapyrole rings

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Chlorophyll a

• Other Chlorophylls
• Chl b Yell/Green
• Chl c
• Chl d

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Absorption Spectrum of Chlorophylls a and b

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Action Spectrum of Photosynthesis

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Absorption Spectra(various photosynthetic
pigments)

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Carotenoids(lipids)

• Xanthophyll yellow (has oxygen)
• Carotene orange/yellow (lacks oxygen)
• Alpha Beta

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Absorption Spectrum of A B Carotene

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Phycobilins(straight-chain tetrapyrole group
attached to a protein)

• Phycocyanin (bluish)
• Phycoerythrin (reddish)
• Phytochromes

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Phycocyanin PhycoerythrinAbsorption Spectra

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Absorption Spectrum of the Phytochromes

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Accessory Pigmentsother chlorophylls,
xanthophylls, carotenes ..

• 1. Absorb light and pass it on to chlorophyll a.
• 2. Prevents photooxidation of chlorophyll a.

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Flavinoids(water soluble all absorb UV light)

• Anthocyanins
• red-purple (indicator)
• Flavones
• UV light (bee guides)
• Aurones
• yellows

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Betacyanins(water soluble absorb some UV
light)

• Contains Nitrogen
• Found in plant groups that do not produce
  anthocyanins Chenopodiales goosefoots,
  cactuses, portulacas.
• - Red/Yellow (indicator)

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Chloroplast(Within the thylacoid the pigment
molecules are precisely arranged and tightly
packed.)

• Chlorophyll a
• electron transfer
• Reaction Center
• (1 in 300 molecules)
• Antenna Molecules
• Accessory Molecules-Photosynthetic Unit

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Chloroplast(Within the thylacoid the pigment
molecules are precisely arranged and tightly
packed.)

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Part of a Photosynthetic Unit

• Accessory pigments feed Reaction Center

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Two types of PUs or Photosystems, Structured into
the Thylacoid Membrane

• Photosystem II 680 nm
• more chl b
• Photosystem I 700 nm
• more chl a and carotenoids
• Need both red wavelengths for enhanced
  photosynthesis
• R. Emerson, 1950s
• (Each system carries out certain reactions. Link
  by electron acceptors in Light Phase of
  Photosynthesis.)

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Light Phase(If components arranged according to
energy levels Z-Pathway
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Light Phase
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Photosystem IINon-cyclic Photophosphorylation

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Photosystem INon-cyclic Photophosphorylation

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Light Phase

• Products
• 1. NADPH2
• 2. ATP
• (OXIDIZABLE ORGANIC MOLECULES made in the Dark
  Phase of Photosynthesis.)

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Light Phase

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Light Phase

• Triazine Herbicide

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Cyclic Photphosphorylation
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Cyclic Photophosphorylation

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Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation

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PCR, Calvin-Benson Cycle

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Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction Cycle
(PCR)(Ribulose 1, 5 Bisphosphate Carboxylase
Rubisco CO2 Trapping enzyme)

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Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Cycle(Source of
NADPH2 for lipid synthesis RuMP (C5) for Nucleic
Acid Production)Enzymes of the Photosynthetic
Carbon Reduction Cycle (PCR) only function with
light.

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Electron Flow in the Chloroplast

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Some Pathways

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Warburg Effect1920s
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RuBp Oxygenase Reaction(Rubisco)

• Favored in High Temp or Low CO2, High O2
• Photorespiration

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RuBp Oxygenase Reaction(Rubisco)

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C4 PlantsIn Mesophyll Cells

• CO2 PEP ? Oxylate (C4)
• ? Asparatate Malate (C4)
• ? translocates

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C4 PlantsBundle Sheath Cells

• C4 Acids ? Pyruvate (C3) CO2 ?
• CO2 RuBP (C5) ? PCR Cycle

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The C4 SyndromeAnother Way of Assimilating CO2

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Krans Leaf Anatomy

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C- 4 PlantsKrans Leaf Anatomy

• Mesophyll Chloroplasts
• - have grana
• Bundle Sheath Chloroplasts
• - no grana
• - much starch storage

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Advantages of C4 Photosynthesis

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Advantages of C4 Photosynthesis

• Steeper CO2 Utilization Gradient
• Decreased Photorespiration
• Arrangement of Mesophyll/Bundle Sheath Cells
  favorable to Transport

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Disadvantages of C4 Photosynthesis

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Disadvantages of C4 Photosynthesis

• Extra Biochemical Steps (energy expense)

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CAM Plants

• - CAM Plants do not have Krans Leaf Anatomy.
• - CAM Plants use PEP as a CO2 Trap as in C4
  plants
• - CO2 Trapping and PCR cycle separated in time.

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CAM Plants

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C4 vs CAM Plants

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Ambient Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

• Oxygen O2

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Ambient Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

• Oxygen O2
• Light

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Effects of Light(Differences Between C3 and C4
Plants)
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Effects of Light

• Light-Saturated Photosynthesis
• 1/3 full sunlight for most plants
• (mostly limited by PCR Cycle Reactions)
• Light-Limited Photosynthesis
• Only at very low light intensities
• (Light Compensation point -
• Below CO2 accumulation)
• Blackmans Principle of limiting Factors

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Shade Plants

• Thinner Leaves
• More Chlorophylls Less Carotenoids (Chl a less
  protected from photooxidation)
• PSUIIPSUI 31
• Lower light compensation point

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Sun Plants

• Thicker Leaves
• Less Chlorophylls More Carotenoids (Chl a more
  protected from photooxidation)
• PSUIIPSUI 21
• Higher light compensation point

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Ambient Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

• Oxygen O2
• Light
• Temperature

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Effect of Temperature
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Effect of Temperature
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Ambient Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

• Oxygen O2
• Light
• Temperature
• CO2 and H2O
• Stomatal Action trade off