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INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT DISTILLERY & WINERY EFFLUENT

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Title: INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT DISTILLERY & WINERY EFFLUENT


1
INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT DISTILLERY WINERY
EFFLUENT
2
DEFINITIONS
Effluent - Liquid waste discharge that flows to
drain or treatment system Dunder - Residue
that remains after rum distillation or
removing wine supernatant Bottoms - Residue
resulting from clarification of fermented
grape wine Aeration - Applying air to media
3
DEFINITIONS CONTD
Clarifying - Allow solids to settle or remove
after flocculation BOD - Biological Oxygen
Demand amount of oxygen required to sustain
viability of aerobic organisms to degrade the
available organic matter COD - Chemical
Oxygen Demand the level of oxidizable
organic matter present, which is determined
by chemical analysis.
4
DEFINITIONS CONTD
Biodegradation- Using microorganism and/or
biochemical agents to breakdown organic
matter. Biodigester - System/reactor that
facilitates the use of bioagents
(microbe/biochemical) to breakdown organic
matter
5
WASTE FROM FERMENTATION
  • Every fermentation process utilizes raw materials
    which are converted to product.
  • Waste materials are produced during or at the end
    of the process.
  • The typical fermentation waste contains-
  • Unconsumed inorganic and organic media components
  • Microbial cells and other suspended solids

6
FERMENTATION WASTE CONTD
  • Other effluent components generated from the
    overall operations are
  • Wash water from rinsing operations.
  • Wash water with traces of acid and/or alkali
    agents as a result of
  • cleaning and sanitizing activities.
  • In many cases wash water contains suspended
    solids like filter aid
  • fining agents and carbon
  • Normally, fermentation effluent do not contain
    toxic materials which
  • directly affect the aquatic flora or fauna. The
    effluent, however, contains high level of organic
    matter which are readily oxidized by
  • microorganisms and thus drastically deplete the
    dissolved oxygen
  • concentration.

7
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
  • Oxygen concentration should be at least 90 of
    the saturation concentration at the ambient
    temperature and salinity of the water
  • Dissolved oxygen is critical for the sustainment
    and of aquatic life

8
DISPOSITION OF EFFLUENT
  • If the effluent is not utilized by the
    manufacturer, it is usually
  • disposed using one or more of several common
    methods-
  • Discharged to land, river or sea in an untreated
    state
  • Disposed in a landfill site or it is incinerated
  • Partially treated on site (eg. lagooning) prior
    to further
  • treatment or disposal
  • Part treated, part untreated
  • All the effluent treated by a biodegrading
    process on or
  • offsite.

9
LAGOON (OXIDATION POND)
  • This technology for effluent treatment is usually
    employed
  • by seasonal industries like distilleries
  • The design usually involves an enclosed
    water-tight
  • embankment about 1-2m deep. The system can be
    left as
  • is, without mechanized aeration. However, for
    rapid
  • processing (as done at Appleton Estate) a
    mechanized
  • aerator is installed in the lagoon to provide
    continuous
  • aeration for the effluent

10
SPRAY IRRIGATION
In some cases, liquid waste can be applied
directly to land as irrigation water. They are
considered to be fertilizers if they provide a
net increase of nutrient level (macro/trace
element) in the soil If this method of
disposal is to be used, then it is necessary to
have large area of land near the manufacturing
plant, in an area of low to medium rainfall This
is the synergy between the sugar cane agronomic
activity and the rum distillery/fermentation
operation. In the case of Appleton Estate, the
liquid waste is pre-treated by the lagoon system
prior to spraying on the land.
11
DISPOSAL VIA SEWAGE PLANT
  • Factors to consider before sending industrial
    effluent to a
  • sewage plant
  • The capacity of the plant to cope with the
    estimated effluent
  • volume.
  • Possible interruption of the normal function of
    the plant.
  • Ensure there are no compound present that will
    pass through
  • the plant unchanged, then cause problems when
    discharged
  • into a watercourse.
  • Determine whether pre-treatment is required to
    minimize
  • negative effect on the sewage plant.

12
TREATMENT PROCESS FOR EFFLUENT DERIVED FROM RUM
AND WINE INDUSTRIES
  • Fermentation waste may be treated by the
    following
  • methods-
  • Physical Treatment
  • Chemical Treatment
  • Biological Treatment

13
PHYSICAL TREATMENT
This treatment can be independent, but the result
is amplified when it occurs in conjunction with
chemical or biological treatment. The common
physical processes are sedimentation,
filtration and centrifugation The major benefits
are reduction in organic matter level thus BOD
level increased ease to process liquid waste
and increased ability to recover components of
the fermentation waste for recycling purpose.
14
CHEMICAL TREATMENT
  • The most common chemical processing for treating
  • fermented liquid waste are coagulation and
    flocculation.
  • The former is instantaneous, while the latter
    requires more
  • time and gentle agitation to achieve
    aggregation of the
  • particles.
  • Some coagulating agents are Fe(II) or Fe(III)
    sulphate,
  • aluminium sulphate (alum) and calcium hydroxide
    (lime).
  • The coagulant is added to the effluent in a
    mixing tank, that is
  • designed to remove the supernatant and the
    sludge
  • independently

15
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Most organic waste material may be degraded
biologically. This process may be achieved
aerobically or anaerobically, in a number of
ways. Locally, Wray Nephew has adopted aerobic
processes for treating fermented liquid
waste. The distilleries utilizes aerated lagoon
system described early, while the Winery utilizes
aerobic digesters and sewage treatment
system. The digesters are reactor chambers
equipped with perforated airlines. Air is
supplied continuously by mechanized blowers.
16
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT CONTD
The organic matter is degraded by aerobic
microorganisms found in the activated sludge, as
well as by the action of commercial inocula. At
JWN this pre-treatment process takes
approximately seven (7) days, and thereafter the
waste is sent to the sewage plant for further
oxidation and degradation.The pretreated waste
is Sent to the sewage plant at a pre-determined
rate.
17
SEWAGE PLANT OPERATIONS
  • Modern sewage plant has the following chambers
    and components-
  • Receiving chamber with skimmer
  • Oxidation chambers
  • Clarifying chamber for settling flocs
  • Chlorination chamber designed to give appropriate
    retention time
  • Return sludge chamber (to collect and remove
    sludge)
  • Perforated airlines in oxidation, receiving and
    return sludge chambers
  • Surface skimmers to remove floating flocs in
    clarifying chamber
  • Eductor to remove settled solids from clarifying
    chamber
  • Filter (send bed) optional

18
MONITORING EFFLUENT QUALITY
Effluent quality is monitored by determining its
level of chemical and biological composition.
Some of the major parameters monitored are pH
? Sulphate ?
Copper BOD ? Zinc
? Lead COD ? Iron
?Total Coliform TDS
? Phosphate ? Faecal Coliform TSS
? Nitrogen (NO3-, NO2-,
NH3-) Chlorine These tests are usually done at
certified laboratories.
19
OTHER WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS
  • Other fermentation systems to treat industrial
    waste include
  • Anaerobic treatment, whose design and size is
    dependent on the amount of available waste for
    treatment and the source of the waste.
  • Solid state fermentation, suited for plant waste,
    kitchen waste, solid agro-processing waste,
    animal droppings and carcasses.

20
ANAEROBIC TREATMENT
  • Benefits
  • No air required, hence very low/no energy input
  • One of the principal by-product is methane, which
    is a major energy source
  • A wide range of waste can be treated via this
    process
  • Disadvantages
  • High initial capital input
  • Slow process that does not readily kill pathogens
  • Large amount of waste to dispose when cleaning
    system

21
SOLID STATE FERMENTATION
  • Also called composting
  • Can be done under aerobic and anaerobic
    conditions, but more useful when the processing
    is done aerobically
  • At the industrial scale, aeration is done using a
    positive ventilation system
  • Fermentation is completed within 3-5 days and
    pathogenic organisms are killed
  • Small scale/back yard process is oftentimes
    anaerobic or air is supplied through special
    design
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