Title: Bilateral Amputation A Literature review
1Bilateral AmputationA Literature review
2The search begins
CATEGORY ARTICLES
Case studies (C) 2TT TT/TF 2TF 2UL Other 30 12 3 0 9 6
General inc. 2AMPs (G) 24
2AMP focus (F) 8
2AMP UL 13
Prosthetics 16
3PREVENTION
- Carrington et al, 2001 (G)
- The efficacy of a focused foot care program for
diabetic unilateral amputees in preventing
contralateral amputation. - No significant reduction in bilateral amputation
rate - There was limited, inconsistent follow up
- Aggressive wound care and revascularization
4Prevention (?)
- TMT Amputation breakdown (Mueller et al, 1995, G)
- 12 2TMT no specific conclusions
- 27 breakdown rate
- 28 revision rate
- Acute Mx Protection!
- Rehab Protect with appropriate footwear and
prosthesis
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6Aetiology
- Bilateral TKR infection (Wolff et al, 2003, G)
- 1/21 over 23 years with simultaneous TKR
infection required bilateral AKA - Burns (Acikel et al, 2001, C Abs)
- The post operative period was uneventful.
7PREVALENCE
- In patients on haemodialysis (n 232)
- 13.4 had amputations ranging from single toes to
2TF amputations - Locking-Cusolito et al, 2005 (G)
8ASSESSMENT
- Harold Wood (Kulkarni et al, 1996, G)
- Houghton scale (Devlin et al, 2004, G)
- 2 minute walk test (Brooks et al, 2001, G)
- Custom socket and refurbished 2nd hand modular
components (Marzoug et al, 2003, G Abs). - Ergometry (Vestering et al, 2005, G)
9SCALES
From Devlin et al (2004)
From Kulkarni et al (1996)
10EARLY MANAGEMENT
- Faucher and Schurr, 2005 (C)
- Accelerated rehabilitation using early
mobilization (Day 1 post-op!) on thigh high rigid
casts with feet and pylons. - Appropriate patient selection no problems that
may complicate wound healing
11COMPLICATIONS
- DVT/PE (Zickler et al, 1999, F)
- 26 of 2AMPs
- Immobile after 2nd amputation
- Males
- Falls (Kulcarni et al, 1996, G)
- 27 (4) had falls
- Prostheses worn 22
12COMPLICATIONS
- Obesity (Kurdibaylo, 1996, G, Abs)
- 2TF TT/TF had
- highest fat in body mass (25.9)
- 64.2 frequency of obesity progression
- Pain
- RSD/CRPS
- Viejo and Viladomat, 1996 (G, Abs)
- Phantom pain
- Dijkstra et al, 2002 (G, Abs)
- Zuckweiler, 2005 (C) - Mental imagery
13COMPLICATIONS
- Heterotopic Ossification (Warmoth et al 1997, C)
- Mature trabecular bone (bony spur)
- Prosthetic limbs worn without consequence
- Litigation! (Tammelleo, 1999)
- Pt sues for bilateral leg amputations
physicians are not guarantors of results!
14Energy Expenditure
- 2AKA Walking vs. Wheeling (Wu et al, 2001, C)
- Variety of prosthetic variation used (Stubbies to
LL and crutches) - Walking compared to wheeling
- O2 cost 466-707
- HR 106-116
- Distance 23-33
- Wheelchair propulsion - more energy efficient for
2AKAs
15Energy Expenditure
- Able Bodied vs. 2AKAs (Hoffman et al 1997, F)
- Variable prosthetic componentry
- Matched subjects (1 twin)
- 2AKAs had higher Ve, Vo2, HR perceived exertion
- Slower chosen walking speed
- Model for metabolic cost
- Increased due to
- Posture and balance
- Energy absorption
16Energy Expenditure
- Able bodied vs 2AKAs with SL and LL prostheses
(Crouse et al, 1990, C) - HR and Oxygen Uptake
- LL gt SL gt Controls
- VO2 max 56 lt age predicted values
- Reduced amount of mm tissue active during
walking???
17Energy Expenditure
- Stubbies vs. Conventional legs vs C-legs
(Perry et al, 2004, C) - C-leg
- walked farther and faster
- Longer stride length
- Lower O2 Uptake
- reduction in muscular effort
- Higher resting heart rate
18Bilateral Hip Disarticulation
- Severe complications of SCI
- Accident trauma
- Congenital anomalies
- Malignancy
- Large benign tumours
- Osteomyelitis of pelvis
- Mainly Case studies, case series data
19Bilateral Hip Disarticulation
- Carlson and Wood, 1998 (C)
- Marked volume fluctuation
- Shear trauma
- Heat dissipation
- Versatile and functional
- Reduced sensation in SCI
20Bilateral Hip Disarticulation
- Rogers et al, 1993 (C)
- Mx of 49 y.o. with SCI and BHD
- Prosthesis for
- Sitting support
- Cosmesis
- Ambulation opportunities
- PAC
21Bilateral Hip Disarticulation
- Sitting Orthosis/Prosthesis enabling wheelchair
mobility in a patient with BHD and (L) CVA
(Oryshkevich et al, 1984, C) - Thoracic Suspension Orthosis / Prosthesis to aid
pressure area care (Rindflesch and Miller 2002,
Abs)
22Kinematic and Kinetic Data
- White et al, 2000 (C)
- PTB SACH vs 3-S Flex foot
- Sagittal kinematic data increased ankle motion
- Trend toward increased
- Velocity
- Cadence
- Stride Length
- (R) Step length (?)
- Energy return
23Prosthetic solutions
- St-Jean and Goyette, 1996 (C)
- 2BKAs fitted with 2 types of skating prostheses
24Training
- Treadmill training for a 2BKA with COPD (Adler et
al, 1987, C) - Initial Walking with pylons 12-24m
- Progressive exercise regime
- Managed 1.2mph / 2 grade for 30 mins
- Improved cardiac condition endurance
- Managed stairs, gardening, household chores
25Mobility Aides
- 4 footed vs 2 wheeled walkers (Tsai et al, 2003,
G)
Walker Speed (m/sec)
FFW 0.27
TWW 0.5
26Sitting balance Kirby and Chari, 1990 (G)
Bilateral amputees Prostheses on Prostheses off Mean difference
Straight forward Thigh support Ischial support 94.3 58.5 104.4 99.7 10.1 41.2
Anterolateral (45 degrees) Thigh support Ischial support 102.3 74.7 110.9 106.2 8.6 31.5
p lt 0.05, p lt 0.0001
27Outcome Studies
- 2AKAs from Vietnam War (Dougherty, 1999, F)
- 6 2AKAs
- 57 fitted with prostheses at 6.4 months
- 22 still wore them (avg. gt7 hours / day)
- SF-36 were normal
- More positive outcomes officers
- Not condemned to severe physical and emotional
problems. (e.g. Forest Gump Sergeant)
28Outcome Studies
- Factors influencing reintegration to normal
living (Nissen and Newman, 1992, G) - 26 bilateral amputees
- Bilateral amputation didnt alter RNL scores,
Amputation illness did - Pre amp function severely limited
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30Outcome Studies
- Experience with 80 2BKAs (Thornhill et al, 1986,
F) - Inner city African Americans
- 86 arterial disease
- lt 6 year contralateral limb survival
- 71 prosthetic usage
- Non-use mental impairment
31Outcome Studies
- Inner city dwelling, atherosclerotic 2BKAs
(Brodzka et al, 1990) - 45.8 wheelchair inaccessible buildings
- 20/24 prosthetic issue
- 12/20 still wore them, 50 could ambulate
- 17/20 walked signiciantly post 2BKAs
- Lost ambulatory skills older, shorter amp to
amp interval - Only 1 fully dependant
- Mobility key to functional outcome
32SUMMARY
- Bilateral amputees provide a unique opportunity
for - Research
- Innovation
- Mobility is the key to functional (?successful)
outcome. - Complications of decreased mobility
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