Earthquake Hazards and Seismic Design

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Earthquake Hazards andSeismic Design

• Richard P. Ray Ph.D. P.E.

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Direct Effects

• Ground failures (instabilities)
• Surface faulting
• Vibration of soil
• Ground cracking
• Liquefaction
• Ground lurching
• Differential settlement
• Lateral spreading
• Landslides

• Vibrations transmitted from the ground to the
  structure

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Direct Effects
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x
m
c
k/2
k/2
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Indirect Effects

• Tsunamis
• Seiches
• Landslides
• Floods
• Fires

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Seismic Resistant Construction

• Prevent non-structural damage from minor shaking
• Prevent structural damage and minimize non
  structural damage in occasional moderate shaking
• Avoid collapse or serious damage in rare, major
  ground shaking

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Soil Movements
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Wood Frame Houses
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Masonry Structures
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Concrete Structures
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Steel Structures
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Earthquake Resistant Designs

• Construction and Maintenance
• Need for more comprehensive approach
• Importance of conceptual design
• Decrease of demands
• Action of the soil-structure system

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Good Pile Design
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Bridge Foundation and Supports
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Integral Action of All Parts
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Proper Building System

• Building should be light
• Simple, symmetric, regular
• Uniform and continuous distribution of mass (m),
  stiffness (k), strength (sy), ductility (µ).
• Avoid long spans and long cantilever
• Non-structural elements
• Separated completely
• Tied to structure

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Proper Building System

• Control inelastic regions
• More than one defense line
• Stiffness and strength of building matches
  stiffness and strength of foundation and

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Building Should Be Light
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Building Should Be Simple, Symmetric, and Regular
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Building Should Have Uniform and Continuous
Distribution of Mass Stiffness Strength Ductility
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Retrofitting Soft Stories
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Non-Structural Should Be Integrated With
Structural
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Structures Should Have the Largest Number of
Defenses
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Building Should Have Balanced Stiffness,
Strength, Ductility Between Members, Connections,
Supports
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Construction Aspects
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Building Research
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Newer Designs
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