THE ACCIDENT

1
THE ACCIDENT

• AN UNPLANNED, UNEXPECTED EVENT THAT INTERFERES
  WITH OR INTERRUPTS NORMAL ACTIVITY POTENTIALLY
  LEADS TO PERSONAL INJURY OR EQUIPMENT DAMAGE.

2
OUTCOMES OF ACCIDENTS

• NEGATIVE ASPECTS
• Injury possible death
• Disease
• Damage to equipment property
• Lost productivity

3
OUTCOMES OF ACCIDENTS

• POSITIVE ASPECTS
• Accident investigation
• Prevent recurrence
• Change to safety programs
• Change to procedures
• Change to equipment design

4
Investigation Strategy

• Gather information
• Isolate essential contributing factors
• Find root causes
• Determine corrective actions
• Implement corrective actions

5
Hazards and Precautions
6
Types of Diseases

• Acute
• Chronic

7
Skin Diseases

• Irritant dermatitis
• e.g., acids, solvents
• Allergic dermatitis
• e.g., turpentine, formaldehyde, nickel
• Skin cancer
• e.g., ultraviolet radiation

8
Eye Diseases

• Conjunctivitis
• e.g., alkalis, acids, UV
• Corneal damage
• e.g., alkalis
• Cataracts
• e.g., infrared radiation
• Blindness
• e.g., silver nitrate, methyl alcohol

9
Acute Respiratory Diseases

• Chemical pneumonia
• e.g., isocyanates,
• Acute bronchitis
• high concentrations of irritants

10
Acute Respiratory Diseases (Cont.)

• Acute asthma and "hay fever"
• e.g., isocyanates
• Hypersensitivity pneumonia
• e.g. redwood dust, molds

11
Chronic Respiratory Diseases

• Chronic bronchitis
• e.g., nitrogen dioxide
• Pulmonary fibrosis
• e.g., asbestosis
• Respiratory cancer
• e.g., nickel, asbestos

12
Heart and Circulatory System Diseases

• Heart muscle damage
• e.g., barium and cobalt compounds
• Hemoglobin diseases
• e.g., methylene chloride, carbon monoxide,
• Anemias and bone marrow damage
• e.g., lead, arsenic, benzene

13
Kidney and Bladder Diseases

• Chemical damage to kidneys
• e.g., cadmium, turpentine, lead,
• chlorinated solvents
• Bladder cancer
• e.g., benzidine dyes

14
Liver Diseases

• Hepatitis
• e.g., toluene, xylene
• Liver cancer
• e.g., chlorinated solvents

15
Central Nervous System Diseases

• Encephalopathy - brain damage
• e.g., high concentrations of solvents
• Oxygen starvation
• e.g., carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide,
  hydrogen cyanide
• Central nervous system and heavy metals
• e.g., manganese, lead, mercury

16
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases

• Peripheral neuropathy
• Metals (e.g., lead, arsenic)
• Solvents (e.g., n-hexane, methyl butyl ketone)

17
Reproductive System Damage

• Prior to pregnancy - effects on fertility
• e.g., toluene, xylene, lead
• During pregnancy - miscarriages, birth defects
• e.g., solvents, lead, carbon monoxide
• After pregnancy - breast-feeding, infant
  exposures
• e.g., solvents, lead, other toxic chemicals

18
Bloodborne Pathogens
19
What is a BB Pathogen?

• Microorganisms that are carried in the blood that
  can cause disease in humans

20
Common BB Pathogen Diseases

• Malaria
• Brucellosis
• Syphilis
• Hepatitis B(HBV)
• Hepatitis C(HCV)
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

21
Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)

• HIV is the virus that leads to AIDS
• HIV depletes the immune system
• HIV does not survive well outside the body

22
Hepatitis B (HBV)

• Symptoms include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal
  pain, loss of appetite, intermittent nausea,
  vomiting

• May lead to chronic liver disease, liver cancer,
  and death
• Vaccination available since 1982
• HBV can survive for at least one week in dried
  blood
• Symptoms can occur 1-9 months after exposure

23
Hepatitis C (HCV)

• Hepatitis C is the most common chronic bloodborne
  infection in the United States
• Symptoms include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal
  pain, loss of appetite, intermittent nausea,
  vomiting
• May lead to chronic liver disease and death

24
Potentially Infectious Bodily Fluids

• Skin tissue, cell cultures
• Chewing tobacco juice
• Any other bodily fluid

• Blood
• Saliva
• Vomit
• Urine
• Semen or vaginal secretions

25
Transmission Potential

• Contact with another persons blood or bodily
  fluid that may contain blood
• Mucous membranes eyes, mouth, nose
• Non-intact skin
• Contaminated sharps/needles

26
Universal Precautions

• Use of proper PPE
• Treat all blood and bodily fluids as if they
  are contaminated
• Proper cleanup and decontamination
• Disposal of all contaminated material in the
  proper manner

27
Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)

• Anything that is used to protect a person from
  exposure
• Latex or gloves, goggles, mouth barriers,
  respirators

28
Decontamination

• Do an initial wipe up
• Spray and allow it to stand for ten minutes then
  wipe up
• Dispose of all wipes in biohazard containers
• PPE should be removed and disposed of in
  biohazard containers

29
Hand Washing

• Wash hands immediately after removing PPE
• Use a soft antibacterial soap

30
Regulated Medical Waste

• Liquid or semi-liquid blood or other potentially
  infectious material(OPIM)
• Contaminated items that would release blood or
  OPIM when compressed
• Contaminated sharps
• Pathological and microbiological waste containing
  blood or OPIM

31
Signs Labels

• Labels must include the universal biohazard
  symbol, and the term Biohazard must be attached
  to
• containers of regulated biohazard waste
• refrigerators or freezers containing blood or
  OPIM
• containers used to store, transport, or ship
  blood or OPIM

32
In Conclusion

• BB pathogen rules are in place for your health
  and safety
• Failure to follow them is a risk that does not
  need to be taken

33
Biosafety Overview

• What You Need to Know When
• Working With
• Biological Material

34
Needle and Sharps Precautions

• Precautions are for any contaminated sharp item,
  including needles and syringes, slides, pipettes
  and capillary tubes
• Plasticware should be substituted for glassware
  whenever possible.

35
Needle and Sharps Precautions

• Needles and syringes or other sharp instruments
  should be restricted to phlebotomy, or aspiration
  of fluids from laboratory animals.
• Syringes which re-sheathe the needle, needleless
  systems, and other safety devices are used when
  appropriate.

36
Needle and Sharps Precautions

• Used disposable needles must not be bent,
  sheared, broken, recapped, removed from
  disposable syringes, or otherwise manipulated by
  hand before disposal. Dispose in
  puncture-resistant containers which must be
  located near work.
• Non-disposable sharps must be placed in a
  hard-walled container for transport to a
  processing area for decontamination, preferably
  by autoclaving.
• Broken glassware must not be handled directly by
  hand.

37
Human Blood, Tissue and Fluid

• Everyone needs to be offered the Hepatitis B
  vaccine.
• Specific training is required.
• Exposure incidents must be followed up.

38
Why Lab Safety?

• Protect yourself from laboratory hazards
• Protect others from laboratory hazards
• Comply with Hospital/Lab regulations

39
New Equipment PurchaseRisk Assessment for Hazards

• When you purchase new equipment for your lab,
  please
• use the risk assessment guide below to identify
  potential hazards.
• Do you have space to use this equipment safely?
• Does this equipment require special ventilation?
• Does this equipment contain any radioactive
  sources or lasers?
• Are there any special PPE (personal protective
  equipment) requirements when using this
  equipment?
• Are all points where injury could occur guarded?
• Do you require any special heating, cooling or
  electrical components to use this equipment?

40
Gloves

• select gloves appropriate for the task
• check gloves for leaks
• double glove if necessary
• be alert to unusual sensations in your hands
• do not touch your face, telephone, etc with
  contaminated gloves

41
Available Eye Protection

• Safety glasses
• Splash goggles
• Full face shields
• All are available

42
Biosafety Cabinets

• Class I and IIa,b cabinets, when used in
  conjunction with good microbiological techniques,
  provide an effective containment system for
  moderate to high risk microorganisms.
• ClassI protects worker and environment
• Class II protects worker, environment and
  research materials in the cabinet
• Class IIa exhausts air back into the room do
  not use with volatile or toxic chemicals
  (Mercaptoethanol)
• Class IIb is hard ducted to the facility exhaust
  system
• All fume hoods and Biosafety cabinets are
  inspected yearly

43
Glassware

• rinse all visible residues and chemicals from
  glassware
• decontaminate/chemically destroy any biologically
  active or noxious materials before sending items
  to glassware
• ENSURE that no sharps go in glassware bins
• do not overload glassware bins

44
Toxicity

• The dose determines level of toxicity
• Dose Concentration X exposure Time

45
Routes of Exposure

• Inhalation
• Ingestion
• Skin Absorption
• Injection

46
Before Lab Work, Get to Know

• Hazards of materials agents and their
  prescribed safety procedures

47
Also Get to Know

• Emergency spill procedures, use of adsorbents and
  disinfectants
• Location of fire ext., eye wash, shower, first
  aid, and spill kits

48
(KFU Campus)Before Lab Work, Get to Know

• Emergency telephone numbers and reporting
  procedures
• For all emergencies call

44
49
While Working in the Lab

• Shoes with full coverage.
• Restrain long hair, loose clothing and jewelry
• Use appropriate eye, skin, and hand protection

50
While Working in the Lab

• Use mechanical transfer devices

51
While Working in the Lab

• Authorized persons only
• No food, beverages, tobacco products, or
  application of cosmetics

52
Before Leaving the Lab

• Turn off
• Gas
• Water
• Power supplies
• Vacuum lines
• Compression lines
• Heating apparatus

53
Before Leaving the Lab

• Identify and package waste, dispose properly
• Lock/out and tag/out defective equipment
• Decontaminate work surfaces and equipment

54
Before Leaving the Lab

• Return unused equipment, apparatus, etc.
• Leave lab coat in the lab
• Wash
• Close and lock door

55
Weekly Lab Checks

• Eye wash
• Fire extinguisher
• First Aid Kit
• Fume Hood
• Tubing, pressurized connections
• Chemical storage