FATS

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FATS

• Everything you REALLY need to know

By Soniya Tambe, Victoria Yeh, Teresa Mao
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A Molecular View of Fats
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• Fat is a MACROMOLECULE
• Fat/Triacylglycerol
• Function energy storage, cushions kidney,
  insulate the body
• Each fat molecules consists of 1 glycerol and 3
  fatty acids
• glycerol alcohol with 3 carbons, each bearing a
  hydroxyl group
• fatty acids long carbon skeleton (16 or 18
  carbon long).

Adipose tissue A kind of body tissue containing
stored fat that serves as a source of energy
adipose tissue also cushions and insulates vital
organs "fatty tissue protected them from the
severe cold".
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PROPERTIES OF FAT

• Insoluble in water
• Fats separate from water
• Ester linkage join fatty acid and glycerol
• Saturated fatty acid no double bonds. Most
  animal fats (ex. Butter), solidify at room
  temperature.
• Unsaturated fatty acid one or more double bonds.
  Kink shape when double bond occurs. Most plant
  fats (ex olive oil), liquid at room temperature.
  
• Hydrogenated vegetable oil means unsaturated
  fat have been converted to saturated fat by
  adding hydrogen. (ex peanut butter)

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Diseases Caused by Fat Intake
Obesity, which is caused by an excessive
accumulation of fats, is potentially dangerous.
Did you know Obese people with an apple shape
deposit of fat (in the upper body or abdomen)
have a higher risk of medical diseases than obese
people with a pear shape (fat in the lower body
and hips)
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• Premature death
• heart attack, stroke, other cardiovascular
  diseases
• Diabetes mellitus
• cancer of the colon, kidney, breast, or
  endometrium
• arthritis
• gallstones
• Infertility
• Asthma
• snoring or suffering from sleep apnea
• cataracts

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Atherosclerosis This is the build up of plaque
in the walls of the arteries. This is a gradual
process where cholesterol, fat and the smooth
muscle cells lining the blood vessels have been
transformed into a thickened, mass. The blood
vessels become less elastic, and less blood can
flow through it at once.
Hypertension - Hypertension is high blood
pressure, which can occur from such buildups of
fat in the body
Cancers High intake of fat was originally
associated with cancers such as breast cancer,
prostate cancer, and colon cancer, but
researchers are still looking into this.
Arthritis - Inflammation of a joint, usually
accompanied by pain, swelling, and stiffness, and
resulting from infection, trauma, degenerative
changes, metabolic disturbances, or other causes.
It occurs in various forms, such as bacterial
arthritis, osteoarthritis, or rheumatoid
arthritis. (dictionary.com)
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• Cataracts - Opacity of the lens or capsule of the
  eye, causing impairment of vision or blindness.
  (dictionary.com)
• Asthma - A chronic respiratory disease, often
  arising from allergies, that is characterized by
  sudden recurring attacks of labored breathing,
  chest constriction, and coughing.
  (dictionary.com)
• Sleep apnea - temporary suspension of breathing
  occurring repeatedly during sleep that often
  affects overweight people or those having an
  obstruction in the breathing tract, an abnormally
  small throat opening, or a neurological disorder.
  (dictionary.com)
• Diabetes -The are two types of diabetes. Diabetes
  mellitus involves irregular blood sugar
  concentration, where a lack of insulin results in
  excess sugar in the bloodstream and urine, due to
  the fact that it is not being stored as glycogen
  where it can be used on-demand. The other type of
  diabetes, diabetes insipidus, results in excess
  urine being excreted by the sufferer.
  (http//www.biology-online.org/dictionary.asp)
• Gallstones - Concentrated calcium deposits that
  develop in the kidneys can sometimes prove to be
  dangerous to the carrier and their health.
  (http//www.biology-online.org/dictionary.asp)

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Fat-Related Issues

• Anorexia - A psychophysiological disorder usually
  occurring in young women that is characterized by
  an abnormal fear of becoming obese, a distorted
  self-image, a persistent unwillingness to eat,
  and severe weight loss. It is often accompanied
  by self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise,
  malnutrition, amenorrhea, and other physiological
  changes. (dictionary.com)
• Bulimia - An eating disorder, common especially
  among young women of normal or nearly normal
  weight, that is characterized by episodic binge
  eating and followed by feelings of guilt,
  depression, and self-condemnation. It is often
  associated with measures taken to prevent weight
  gain, such as self-induced vomiting, the use of
  laxatives, dieting, or fasting. Also called
  bulimarexia, bulimia nervosa. (dictionary.com)

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• Today people are always in a panic about
  obesity!!!
• In the past, being fat was associated with
  opulence, wealth, and aristocracy, but today it
  is associated with poverty and poor eating
  habits. King Louis XIV of France actually padded
  his body in an effort to look unimposing.
• In the nineteenth century, feminist leaders were
  actually reproved for being too thin, because
  thinness was associated with discontent!!!
  Elizabeth Cady Stanton was applauded for her
  mature figure.
• In 1890 women suddenly were urged to begin
  dieting.
• During WWI, being obese was called unpatriotic
  because of concerns of food shortages.
• As aggressive marketing for cheaper food and
  larger restaurant portions developed, obesity was
  seen as a lack of self-control.

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Hormones related to FAT

• Leptin is a hormone that can affect a persons
  appetite. Acting during a critical period in
  life, leptin may influence the amount of food
  that an animal consumes as an adult. Later in
  life, leptin responds to the amount of fat in the
  body to affect how much food is eaten.
• Leptin is released by fat cells and tells the
  brain the amount of fat that is on the body of an
  animal.
• Animals that do not have the hormone leptin
  become excessively obese, while animals who are
  injected with leptin lose their appetites
• Ghrelin is a hormone with the opposite effects of
  leptin. It functions to increase hunger, and
  this has been verified in humans and rodents. It
  is present in many epithelial cells of the
  stomach. It suppresses fat utilization in
  adipose tissue, which causes fat to build up.
• Animals injected with ghrelin experience intense
  hunger.

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Fat Nutrition Information
Good Fat vs. Bad Fat
The Main Bad Fats are Saturated Fats and Trans
Fats
Saturated Fat
Trans Fat
Produced by heating liquid vegetable oils in the
presence of hydrogen. (hydrogenation) The more
hydrogenated an oil is, the harder it will be at
room temperature. Commonly found in baked goods,
margarines, snack foods, and processed foods.
Trans fats are worse for cholesterol levels than
saturated fats because they not only raise LDL
(bad) cholesterol, but also lower HDL
(good) cholesterol.
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Why theyre bad for you
Saturated Fats They make the body produce more
cholesterol, which may raise blood cholesterol
levels. Excess saturated fat is related to an
increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Saturated fats stimulates the production of LDL
cholesterol ("bad" cholesterol) and therefore
increases blood cholesterol levels and the risk
of heart disease.
Note LDL Bad cholesterol carrier (think
Lethal)HDL Good cholesterol carrier (think
Happy)
Trans Fats Lowers HDL and increases LDL.
contributes to elevated blood cholesterol levels
and increases heart disease risk.
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Unsaturated fats are the good fats found in
plant products. They increase HDL levels and
decrease LDL levels in the blood.
Poly Unsaturated Fats
Mono-Unsaturated Fats
Found in high concentrations in avocado, canola
oil, peanut oil, and olive oil.
They reduce triglycerides, total cholesterol, and
LDL, which is also known as the bad carrier for
cholesterol. They increase HDL, known as the good
carrier for cholesterol.
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Why you should eat fat
The American Dietetic Association, the American
Diabetic Association, and the American Heart
Association all recommend people to take in up to
30 of their calorie intake.
Fat is essential in our diets for absorption of
vitamins A, D, E, and K. Without these vitamins,
one cannot properly absorb calcium (which leads
to brittle bones) blood may not form or clot
properly and, hormone production may be
negatively affected.
Did you know Harvard researchers found that
replacing 80 calories of carbohydrates with 80
calories of either polyunsaturated or
monounsaturated fats lowered the risk for heart
disease by about 30 to 40 percent!!
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In a study done by Hamazaki in 1996,
some students were given a placebo while other
students were given Omega-3 tablets. The students
were tested around examination days. He found
that the students under the placebo started to
showed increased aggression and hostility to each
other as the exams approached while the students
with the tablets remained calm.
Did you know
The human brain is made up of 60 fat (mostly
polyunsaturated). Two polyunsaturated fats in the
brain are Arachidonic Acid (AA) made in the body
from the linoleic acid in vegetable oils and high
concentrations of Omega-3 fatty acid chains.
Omega-3 fats are found primarily in fish and
breast milk.
Fish Brain Food?
Omega-3 fats can improve your intelligence!!
Evidence of an effect of omega-3 polyunsaturates
comes from studies which compare IQ in children
who were breast-fed as infants with those fed
bottled feeds which at the time were devoid of
long chain polyunsaturates. The study showed an
approximately 3 point difference in IQ when
measured in childhood years and in the long term,
having long chain omega-3 polyunsaturates in
infant formulae enables the recipients to solve
problems more rapidly than comparable infants
raised on standard formulae.
Stress and Aggression
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The Dieticians Say
We eat too much omega-6, and not enough omega-3.
To correct this we must cut down on omega-6 and
eat more omega-3. To do this we need to change
our vegetable oil intake of margarine and cooking
fats away from high omega-6 oils like sunflower
and sesame, towards olive and rapeseed
(canola)oils. Also required is an increase in the
amount of the long chain omega-3 polyunsaturates
in the diet. Eating more fish, and in particular
more of the oil-rich fish like herring and
mackerel, is the best way to do this. We should
normally eat fish twice a week as a minimum goal.
Omega-3 Fats
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The Truth about Diets
The Atkins Diet

• Initially prohibits Carbohydrate Intake
• High Proteins

Since carbohydrates are the first source of
energy the body uses, restriction of
carbohydrates causes the body to quickly use up
all of the stored glycogen (from the breakdown of
carbohydrates) for fuel and afterwards the
proteins from the muscle tissue.
Since the body now has to use up all of the
protein in the muscles, the body enlists the
liver to convert stored fat into ketones
(incompletely burned fatty acids) which the brain
can use for fuel instead of glucose. This causes
ketosisthe brains crisis management system. But
because of all of the protein consumption
resulting in urea, there is a huge amount of
ammonia being produced and the brain needs to
protect itself by converting the ammonia into
glutamine. The glutamine is then shuttled to the
kidneys where it is broken down again into
glutamine and ammonia. This is very hard on the
kidneys and may eventually result in kidney
damage.
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Eventually, the body begins to crave
carbohydrates again and the person gives in and
begins to take in large amounts of muffins,
cookies, pastries, and cakes thus returning the
fat to be stored in the body.
Why High Protein Diet Doesnt Work

• High protein-pushers useketosis to induce
  suppressionof appetite.But Ketosis only works
  as long as you have fat stored in your tissues
  (carb intake is very low).

Why No Carbs Diet Doesnt Work

• It only works on a short-term basis as you will
  eventually need to start consuming carbs in order
  to survive

• Your body begins to waste away as it starts to
  consume proteins in the muscle cells eventually.

• Ketosis is hard on the kidneys

• People begin to crave carbohydrates and the
  minute carbohydrates are consumed, ketosis stops
  and appetite returns ferociously.

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What Does Work?
The Low-Fat Diet

• This works because by decreasing high-fat intake
  and increasing reduced-fat intake, saturated fats
  are also lowered and the risk for serious
  diseases is thus decreased.

• Fats are the easiest to convert into body fat.
  The body stores all fats and oils (it is never
  burned immediately and energy). This is the stuff
  (e.g. cheese) that adds inches to your stomach,
  hips, butt, thighs, and upper arms. Carbohydrates
  are much healthier than fats and can be used for
  fuel immediately in the body as glucose is
  converted into energy.

• This diet is low in simple carbohydrates such as
  frutcose, glucose, and honey and high in complex-
  carbohydrates such as bread, potatoes, rice
  (especially brown rice), beans, and legumes.

• This diet is 50 complex-carbohydrates which are
  more difficult to break down and thus takes
  longer for the body to digest themdecreasing
  appetite.

• By increasing complex carbohydrate intake and
  reducing high-fat intake, this diet can lower
  cholesterol, reduces the risk of diabetes and
  help combat certain cancers.