PERTOLONGAN CEMAS (FIRST AID)

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PERTOLONGAN CEMAS(FIRST AID)
Disediakan oleh Kpt. (KRS) Rohaidah Bakar
Professionally coordinates by
Members and Affiliations
DOLIDIAS Malaysia No. 21, Jalan P9B/10, Presint
9, 62500 Putrajaya Tel/Fax [phone] .
Cellphone 012 635 3070 . www.mainayaq.com
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First Aid Unit
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?PERTOLONGAN CEMAS
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(1)PENGENALANPERTOLONGAN CEMAS
? Rawatan sementara waktu yang diberikan kepada
mangsa sebelum tibanya bantuan perubatan.

• ? Variasi nama
• First Aid
• Bantu Mula
• Pertolongan Cemas

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(1)PENGENALANPERTOLONGAN CEMAS
OBJEKTIF

• ? Menyelamat nyawa
• ? Mengelak mangsa cedera lebih serius
• ? Mengurangkan kesakitan
• ? Menguruskan pemindahan ke hospital

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(1)PENGENALANPERTOLONGAN CEMAS
APA ITU KECEMASAN?

• ? Sesuatu situasi kritikal yang
• mengancam nyawa
• ? Jika tidak diberi rawatan segera,
• kesakitan mangsa menjadi lebih
• serius, lebih mudarat dan mungkin
• menyebabkan kematian

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(1)PENGENALANPERTOLONGAN CEMAS
CIRI-CIRI SEORANG PENYELAMAT

• ? Bertanggungjawab
• ? Berjiwa cekal, waras dan tenang
• ? Mengamati prinsip keselamatan diri
• ? Berpengetahuan dan berkeyakinan
• ? Terlatih

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(2)PERALATANPERTOLONGAN CEMAS
ISI KOTAK FIRST AID
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(3)PEMBEBATAN PEMBALUT

• Pembebatan digunakan untuk menutup luka dan
  mengawal pendarahan.

• Pembalut dilakukan untuk membantu pembebatan.

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(3)PEMBEBATAN PEMBALUT
PEMBEBATAN
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(3)PEMBEBATAN PEMBALUT
JENIS KAIN PEMBALUT

• Pembalut Tiga Segi
• Pembalut Lebar
• Pembalut Kecil
• Pembalut Gulung

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(3)PEMBEBATAN PEMBALUT

• Pembalut Tiga Segi

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(3)PEMBEBATAN PEMBALUT

• Lipatan Tiga Segi

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4.IKATAN, BALUTAN ANDUH
? Ikatan
? Balutan
? Anduh
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(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN ANDUH
IKATAN Simpul Sila
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(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN ANDUH
JENIS BALUTAN LUKA

• Luka Tangan
• Luka Dada
• Luka Bahu
• Luka Peha
• Luka Siku
• Luka Lengan
• Luka Lutut
• Luka Jari

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(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN ANDUH

• Balutan Luka Tangan

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(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN ANDUH

• Balutan Luka Tangan

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(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN ANDUH

• Balutan Luka Tangan

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(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN ANDUH

• Balutan Luka Dada

Luka di bahagian depan
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(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN ANDUH

• Balutan Luka Dada

Luka di bahagian belakang
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(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN ANDUH

• Balutan
• Luka Bahu

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(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN ANDUH

• Balutan Luka Peha

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(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN ANDUH

• Balutan Luka Siku

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(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN ANDUH

• Balutan Luka Lutut

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(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN ANDUH

• Balutan Luka Lengan

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(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN ANDUH

• Balutan Luka Jari

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(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN ANDUH
JENIS ANDUH

• Anduh Besar
• Anduh Kecil
• Anduh Pergelangan Tangan
• Anduh Menaik

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(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN ANDUH

• Anduh Besar

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(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN ANDUH

• Anduh Menaik

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(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN ANDUH

• Pembalut Cincin

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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
JENIS-JENIS LUKA
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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
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CARA MENAHAN DARAH
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CARA RAWATAN
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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
6) Luka Kecil
CARA RAWATAN
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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
CARA RAWATAN
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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
4.PATUKAN ULAR

• Di Malaysia terdapat 141 spesis ular, di mana 37
  daripadanya adalah berbisa.
• Terbahagi kepada 21 Ular Laut dan 16 Ular Darat.

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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
SIMPTOM / TANDA AWAL

• Sepasang lubang bekas patukkan.
• Terasa sakit yang amat pada tempat yang kena
  patuk.
• Bengkak dan merah di sekeliling patukkan.
• Pernafasan yang tercungap-cungap
• Kemungkinan terhenti pernafasan.
• Berpeluh dan penglihatan berpinar-pinar.

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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
BAHAYA

• Patukan ular berbisa bergantung kepada spesis,
  amaun racun, kedudukan dan kedalaman patukkan.
• Boleh membawa kepada maut.
• Mangsa rasa terkejut dan cemas.

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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
KESAN PATUKAN
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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
5.TERKELAR, TERBAKAR DAN MELECUR

• Terkelar, terbakar dan melecur adalah sama
  keadaannya.
• Perbezaannya hanya dari segi tahap kecederaan.
  Kebiasaan terbakar melibatkan kecederaan yang
  lebih serius daripada melecur.

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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
MELECUR DAN LEBAM

• Disebabkan terkena
• Air panas
• Minyak panas
• Wap panas

• Simptom
• Kulit melecur dan kemerahan
• Bahagian terbakar mengelembung dan bengkak dengan
  cepat
• Sakit yang amat sangat

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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
CARA RAWATAN

• Baringkan mangsa di tempat teduh, sejuk dan
  selesa.
• Tanggalkan pakaian dan perhiasan pada anggota
  tercedera seperti kasut, cincin, jam tangan,
  dll.
• Jika serius elakkan beri minuman dan makanan.
• Hantar ke hospital jika perlu.

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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
CARA RAWATAN TERBAKAR RINGAN
1
2
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6.RENJATAN ELEKTRIK

• Renjatan elektrik boleh menyebabkan maut, mungkin
  mereka yang cuba membantu turut menemui maut.

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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
LANGKAH YANG PERLU DIAMBIL

• Matikan suis atau suis utama dan pastikan
  elektrik sudah terputus.
• Menggunakan penebat untuk menyelamatkan mangsa
• Gunakan galah yang panjang dan kering
• Kerusi kayu
• Tikar getah
• Kain sal (tuala yang kering)
• Plastik tebal
• Tali atau tali nylon yang kering

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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
CARA MENGALIH BAHAYA
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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
CARA RAWATAN

• Sekiranya mangsa tidak bernafas, pulihkan
  pernafasan dari mulut ke mulut.
• Jika gagal segera lakukan CPR.
• Jika ada kesan terbakar beri rawatan terbakar.
• Segerakan mangsa ke hospital.

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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
7.PATAH TERSELIUH

• Kecederaan tulang meliputi patah atau retak.
• Kemungkinan kecederaan boleh berlaku disebabkan
  pukulan secara langsung atau tidak langsung,
  terjatuh dari bangunan yang tinggi, tarikan otot
  anggota yang tertindih, tembakan atau
  perlanggaran dan sebagainya.

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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
JENIS-JENIS PATAH
Patah tebu
Patah kayu muda
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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
JENIS-JENIS PATAH
Patah melarat
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Patah riuk
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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
SIMPTOM

• Lebam dan bengkak
• Anggota tidak dapat digerakkan
• Terluka atau berubah bentuk
• Tajam/berbonjol pada kulit
• Sakit

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CARA RAWATAN
BLANKET LIFT Preparation
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CARA RAWATAN
BLANKET LIFT Rolling On
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CARA RAWATAN
BLANKET LIFT Lifting
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8.TERCEKIK
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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
9.LEMAS DI AIR
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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
RAWATAN

• Lakukan pemeriksaan asas seperti, periksa
  pernafasan dan nadi.
• Periksa tahap kesedaran, buka salur pernafasan.
• Jika perlu lakukan CPR.

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10.KERACUNAN

• Apa-apa bahan jika dimasukkan ke dalam kuantiti
  yang mencukupi boleh mengakibatkan kemudaratan.

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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
PUNCA KERACUNAN

• Mulut makan, minum
• Paru-paru sedut gas/asap
• Suntikan gigitan, patukan, jarum
• Kulit semburan racun perosak

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(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN CARA RAWATAN
RAWATAN

• Pastikan persekitaran dan diri anda selamat.
• Alihkan mangsa ke tempat yang selamat.
• Kesan melecur pada mulut beri minum air atau
  susu sedikit demi sedikit.
• Jika sesak nafas, baringkan ke posisi koma.
• Jika tidak sedar lakukan primary survey.

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(6)PEMULIHAN PERNAFASAN
TEKNIK-TEKNIK

• Melalui 3 cara
• Resusitasi secara hembusan (mulut ke mulut)
• Resusitasi secara tekanan (kardio-pulmonari)
• Holger Nielson

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(6)PEMULIHAN PERNAFASAN
Holger Neilson
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(6)PEMULIHAN PERNAFASAN
Holger Neilson
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Bagaimana?
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Rescue Breathing

• Is a way of breathing air into an unconscious
  victim who is not breathing but has a pulse.

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CPR (on adults large children) (see handout)

• Giving chest compressions.
• Position the heel of the right hand on the lower
  half of the breast bone, right between the
  nipples.
• Position left hand on top of the right hand.
• Position shoulders directly over the hands and
  push straight down, pushing the breastbone down
  1.5 2 inches.
• 15 chest compressions, then 2 breaths.
• After 3 sets of 15 and 2 check for signs of
  circulation.

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RICE Treatment

• Rest
• For 24 to 72 hrs. Longer rest may be required
  for severe injuries.
• Ice
• Apply for 20 min cycles ASAP after injury occurs.
  Applying cold helps reduce pain, swelling and
  inflammation.
• Compression
• Wrap the injury to reduce swelling. Make sure it
  is not too tight!
• Elevation
• Raise the injured part above heart level to
  reduce swelling and drain blood and fluid from
  the area.

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AED (Automated External Defibrillator)

• What is an automated external defibrillator
  (AED)?An AED is a device about the size of a
  laptop computer that analyzes the heart's rhythm
  for any abnormalities and, if necessary, directs
  the rescuer to deliver an electrical shock to the
  victim. This shock, called defibrillation, may
  help the heart to reestablish an effective rhythm
  of its own.

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AED (Automated External Defibrillator)

• How does an AED work?An AED is easy to operate.
  It uses voice prompts to instruct the rescuer.
  Once the machine is turned on, the rescuer will
  be prompted to apply two electrodes provided with
  the AED to the victim's chest. Once applied, the
  AED will begin to monitor the victim's heart
  rhythm. If a "shockable" rhythm is detected, the
  machine will charge itself and instruct the
  rescuer to stand clear of the victim and to press
  the shock button.

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AED (Automated External Defibrillator)

• AEDs are required to be in most large public
  buildings.
• Such as malls, schools, and stadiums.

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Splints

• A material or device used to protect and
  immobilize a body part.
• A splint should be used only if it can be applied
  without hurting the victim.
• Two Types of Splints
• Soft splints are made from blankets, towels,
  sheets, or bandages.
• Rigid splints are made from rolled-up newspapers
  or boards.

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Appling Splints

• Attempt to splint the injury in the position you
  find it.
• Make sure it is not too tight!
• On Fractured Bones
• Must include the joint above and below the
  injured bone.
• On Injured Joints
• Must include the bone above and below the injured
  joint.

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Slings

• Is a wide piece of cloth looped under an inured
  arm for support.
• Example Triangular Bandage

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Treatments for Common Injuries
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Types Bleeding Wounds

• Bruise
• Is a wound blood vessels cause bleeding under the
  skin.
• Incision
• Is a cut caused by a sharp-edged object, such a
  razor, scissors, broken glass.
• Laceration
• Is a cut that causes a jagged or irregular
  tearing of the skin.

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Types Bleeding Wounds

• Abrasion
• AKA a scrape, is a wound caused by rubbing or
  scraping away the skin.
• Avulsion
• Is a wound in which skin or other body tissue is
  separated or completely torn away from the body.
• Puncture
• Is a wound produced when a pointed instrument or
  projectile pierces the skin.
• The risk of infection is high with this type of
  wound.

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Controlling Bleeding

• What is the procedure for controlling bleeding
  that we covered last class?

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Shock

• Is a dangerous reduction in blood flow to the
  body tissues.
• Signs of shock includerapid, shallow breathing
  cold, clammy skin rapid, weak pulse dizziness
  weakness and fainting.
• What is the treatment for shock that we covered
  last class?

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Fractures

• Is a break or crack in a bone.
• Two Types
• Open Fracture
• There is also a break in the skin.
• Closed Fracture
• There is no break in the skin.
• Treatment
• Treat for bleeding and shock, splint the injury,
  apply ice.

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Dislocations

• Is the movement of a bone away from its joint.
• Treatment
• Splint above and below the dislocated joint,
  apply a cold compress.
• Never try and set a dislocation!

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Sprains and Strains

• Sprain is an injury to the ligaments, tendons,
  and soft tissue around a joint caused by undue
  stretching.
• Strain is an overstretching of muscles and/or
  tendons.
• Treatment Apply the RICE treatment.

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Weather Related Injuries

• Heat Cramps are painful muscle spasms in the
  legs and arms due to excessive fluid loss through
  sweating.
• Treatment have victim rest in a cool, shaded
  area drink cool water and stretch stiff
  muscles.
• Heat Exhaustion is extreme tiredness due to the
  bodys inability to regulate its temperature.
• Treatment have victim lie down with feet
  elevated in a cool, shaded area give cool water
  to drink.

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Weather Related Injuries

• Heat Stroke is an overheating of the body that
  is life-threatening. Sweating ceases, so that
  the body cannot regulate its temperature.
• Treatment have victim lie in cool, wet towels
  or sheets place ice backs near the neck,
  armpits, and groin.

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Weather Related Injuries

• Frostbite is the freezing of body parts, often
  the tissues of the extremities.
• Treatment do not attempt rewarming handle the
  affected area carefully and try to keep it warm.
• Hypothermia is a reduction of the body
  temperature so that it is lower than normal.
• Treatment move the victim to a warm
  environment remove any wet clothing cover their
  head with blankets.