Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Technishe Universiteit

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

• Technishe Universiteit Eindhoven
• from 3nd April to 5th May
• College 4W100
• room MA-1.50
• Lectures tue/wen/thu 1330-1615

Sorry !
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Week 14
4 - Introduction to petroleum engineering An
overview of production and transportation of oil
and gas structure and equipment will be given.
1 - Energy sources which is the role of oil and
gas A general overview of energy policy and the
energy sources around the world and in the EU.
How oil gas are weighing in the national energy
balance ? How they can be substitute with other
sources ?
2 - Oil and gas market where we are going The
oil gas market is one of the biggest in the
world. Which are the trends in oil demand and
offer ? How gas differs from oil ? which is the
future for the oil gas ?
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Week 15
3 - The oil and gas reservoirs structures and
origin This lecture will introduce few basic
elements of petroleum geology as formation of oil
gas accumulations and their structures.
5 - Petroleum engineering economics This lecture
will highlight the economics of petroleum
projects. Overviews of drilling, production and
exploration costs will be given.
6 - Properties and PVT behaviour of hydrocarbon
mixtures The most important point in describing
the flow of oil and gas is the volumetric
behaviour and the more complex aspect of
vapour-liquid equilibrium.
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The oil and gas reservoirs structures and origin
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Just an enthusiastic introduction to reservoir
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How hydrocarbon are generated ?
Decomposition
Sedimentation
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Hydrocarbon generation
Temperature gradient 3 C/100 m
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How a Reservoir is forming ?
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What a reservoir ?
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Petroleum traps
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Is the trap sufficient to have a reservoir ?
Migration
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Hydrocarbon migration
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How to know where is a reservoir ?
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Searching for a reservoir
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Seeing into the reservoir
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How to locate the oil gas ?
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Going deeper with evaluation of reservoir
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Reservoir pressure

• The reservoirs are found in majority in the range
  500-4000 mss
• in a water column the pressure at any point is
  represented by
• where Gw is the water gradient (bar/m or psi/ft)
  and D is the depth below a reference datum

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Reservoir pressure

• The value of gradient depends on the salinity of
  water and on the temperature
• fresh water gradient 9.79 kPa/m (0.433 psi/ft)
• reservoir brines 1012 kPa/m (0.44 0.53
  psi/ft)

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Reservoir pressure

• The overburden pressure exerted at a given depth
  is obtained from pressure gradient balance
• Being the overburden pressure constant at a given
  depth, fluid pressure reduces the rock grains
  pressure increases
• This equilibrium can explain overpressure and
  under pressure conditions in reservoirs

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Fluid pressure in reservoir

• The closure of a reservoir is related to a very
  low permeable formations

Sealing formation
Trap
Pressure regime explain this structural need
Reservoir
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Fluid pressures

• At the oil-water contact (OWC) the water pressure
  is
• above the OWC the oil pressure is
• if gas is present, above the gas-oil contact
  (GOC) the gas pressure is

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Reservoir temperature

• The temperature increase with the depth depending
  on the regional or local geothermal gradient
• Usual values are 3 C/100 m (1.6 F/100 ft)
• In estimating the reservoir temperature take into
  account the surface temperature, especially for
  offshore operations (low temperature)

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Reservoir fluids

• Usually the fluids in reservoir could be gas, oil
  and water
• Due to different reservoir conditions all
  produced volumes are referred to standard
  conditions which are
• The volume unit of measurement for oil is the
  barrel

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Reservoir fluids

• The volume unit of measurement for gas is the SCF
  or Sm3
• To characterise a given sample of fluids usually
  is given the oil density in API degree and the
  Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR)
• For many North Sea oils 37API with GOR 600
  SCF/STB (107 Sm3/m3)

The reference fluid is water
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Classification of reservoir fluids
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Are you sleeping ?
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Exercise n.1

• Three pressure and sampling points two in oil
  layer and one in water layer are taken. Determine
  the depth of the OWC.
• Estimate the mean reservoir temperature assuming
  a normal geothermal gradient.

Do1 3250 m Po1 324 bar
Do2 3450 m Po2 338 bar
Dw 3750 m Po 365 bar
Top of reservoir 3200 m