CAFFEINE

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CAFFEINE

• Camille Colon, Jessica Hart, Jennifer Cirillo
• GROUP 9

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Caffeine Molecule

• Chemical structure C8H10N4O2
• Molecular Information
• Formula weight 194.19 g/mol
• Melting point 238 ?C
• The caffeine molecule is
• named 3,7-dihydro
• 1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-
• purine-2,6,-dione
• OR
• 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine

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Amines in Plants Alkaloids

• Caffeine is an alkaloid
• An alkaloid is a naturally occurring
  nitrogen-containing compound isolated from a
  plant
• The roots, leaves, and fruits of flowering plants
  are a rich source of nitrogen compoundsi.e.,
  alkaloids
• The bitterness and poisonous nature of alkaloids
  probably evolved to protect plants from being
  devoured by animals
• Caffeine is bitter tasting, physiologically
  active, and toxic to human beings in sufficiently
  high doses

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What foods can caffeine be found in?

• Society consumes caffeine in
• chocolate
• coffee
• cocoa
• some soft drinks
• some drugs

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Statistics

• Americans consume about 45 million pounds of
  caffeine each year
• In the U.S., coffee drinkers drink an average of
  2.6 cups per day.
• Total caffeine intake for coffee drinkers is
  363.5 mg per day

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Did you know????

• The United States imports about 30 of the
  worlds coffee.
• Worldwide, 120,000 tons of caffeine are consumed
  each year
• In the US, more than 80 of adults consume
  caffeine on a daily basis
• The highest coffee consuming countries are
  Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Belgium.
• Women metabolize caffeine about 25 faster than
  men.

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Feeling Caffeines Effects

• Caffeine rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream
• CNS maximally stimulated within 30-60 minutes
• It continues to affect the body as long as it is
  in the blood
• Caffeines half life varies from hours to days

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Caffeines Half Life
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Caffeine

• Causes increases in heartbeat, respiration, basal
  metabolic rate, production of stomach acid,
  output of urine
• Decreases fatigue and reaction time
• Effect depends on individuals sensitivity,
  metabolism, and hormonal status (i.e., if the
  individual is a smoker or has liver disease or is
  on certain medications)

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• Medications
• Besides No-Doz, an OTC (over-the-counter) drug
  that helps restore mental alertness or
  wakefulness when experiencing fatigue or
  drowsiness, caffeine is present in 27 other
  medications
• Medications that contain caffeine range from
  non-Rx analgesics, like Anacin, to a potent Rx
  drug for migraine headaches that combines
  caffeine with belladonna, ergotamine, and Na
  pentobarbital

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The Blood Brain Barrier

• Since crossing the endothelial cell membrane is
  the route into the brain, substances soluble in
  the membrane lipids readily breach the BBB (blood
  brain barrier)
• Examples include caffeine, nicotine, codeine, and
  heroin
• When developing therapeutic drugs, it is possible
  to take advantage of the brains trapping
  effect so that a carefully controlled dosage can
  have a potent effect

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Caffeine and Osteoporosis

• Caffeine can be hard on your bones
• The more regular coffee a woman drinks, the more
  calcium is excreted in her urine
• The loss amounts to about 5 mg of calcium for
  every 6 oz of coffee or two cans of cola
• Two tbsp of milk or yogurt for each cup of coffee
  you drink will replace the lost calcium
• An easy rule of thumbdrink a cup of milk for
  each cup of coffee

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Caffeine and Birth Defects/Miscarriages

• Studies done in the early 1900s to see if
  caffeine caused birth defects in humans werent
  powerful enough to detect an effect
• In laboratory animals, very large amounts of
  caffeine seem to cause females to bear young that
  are malformed
• There are so many different kinds of birth
  defects and so many different causes of them that
  its extremely difficult to implicate caffeine
• In 1996, a study showed more than double the risk
  of miscarriage in women who were consuming more
  than 300 mg a day of caffeine

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Caffeine and Infertility

• In a 1988 study, women who drank just one cup of
  coffee a day were half as likely to become
  pregnant during any given menstrual cycle as
  those who drank less
• Caffeine impairs fertility, but usually only at
  three or more cups of regular coffee a day
• Among 2,500 women who were trying to become
  pregnant, consuming more than 300 mg of caffeine
  a day reduced their chances of succeeding in any
  given month by 17

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Caffeine and Heart Disease

• Most recent studies see no higher risk of heart
  disease in coffee drinkers
• Men who drank 5 or more cups of coffee a day
  before 1975 were 2.5 times more likely to develop
  heart disease than men who drank no coffee
• But men who drank that much coffee after 1975
  seemed to have no greater risk than non-coffee
  drinkers
• Why?

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• Drip coffee makers became popular about that time
• Filters remove most of the cafestol and kahweol,
  which are found in the oils of ground coffee
• Cafestol and kahweol are known to raise LDL
  (bad) cholesterol and triglycerides
• Therefore, drinking instant or filtered drip
  coffee eliminates ingestion of these two
  compounds
• Most home coffee machines, restaurants, and
  coffee houses serve filtered drip coffee
• There doesnt seem to be any relation, even with
  five cups a day, and even for people who already
  have heart disease

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Caffeine and Cancer

• As for cancers of the bladder, breasts, colon,
  lung, or prostate, theres no good evidence that
  coffee has any role in their development
• The connection between coffee and cancer was
  seared into the American health psyche in 1981,
  when a published study concluded that, coffee
  might account for a substantial proportion of the
  cause of pancreatic cancer in the U.S.
• But most studies since then have come up empty

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The Good, The Bad, and The Myth

• Alcohol Caffeine may make a drunk wide awake,
  but it wont make him sober
• Athletic Performance Low to moderate doses of
  caffeine, maybe 2-3 cups of coffee, improve
  performance, at least in well-trained athletes in
  the laboratory
• Youd get far more benefit from proper nutrition
  and running more often
• Blood Pressure Caffeine may cause slight,
  temporary rise, but cutting back doesnt appear
  to reduce the risk of or help treat hypertension

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• Caffeine Dependence Yes, its true. Go cold
  turkey and that headache is for real.
• Headaches Caffeine increases the power of
  aspirin and other painkillers by about 40
• Caffeine also appears to work by itself
• 65mg of caffeine is just as effective as 648mg of
  acetaminophen in alleviating non-migraine
  headache symptoms
• PMS and Breast Lumps Research isnt clear as to
  whether caffeine can lessen the symptoms even
  though some women swear by it
• Problem Solving Caffeine speeds up reaction
  time and improves automatic skills like doing
  arithmetic problems and proofreading, but for
  more complicated tasks, like complex word
  problems, caffeine has been shown to worsen
  performance.

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• Sleep Caffeine can delay the onset of sleep and
  interfere with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep,
  the stage when people dream
• Weight-loss In 1991, the FDA banned the use of
  caffeine in over-the-counter (OTC) weight-loss
  aids because it has no long-term effect on weight.

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Caffeine Dosages
How much caffeine is in 5 oz of coffee?
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Metabolism of Caffeine

• Absorption
• -Stomach and small intestine
• Caffeine is metabolized by the liver
• Excretion
• -urine, saliva, semen, breast milk

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Symptoms of Overdose

• Doses from 250-750 mg (2-7 cups)
• Restlessness, dizziness, nausea, headache, tense
  muscles, sleep disturbances, irregular heartbeats
• Doses over 750 mg (7 cups)
• Anxiety attack, delirium, drowsiness, ringing
  ears, diarrhea, vomiting, light flashes,
  difficulty breathing, convulsions (extreme
  overdose)

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Addiction

• Cravings
• Dependence
• Withdraw Symptoms
• Fatigue, lethargy
• Headaches
• Confusion, inability to focus

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Caffeines role in the Nervous System

• Caffeine belongs to the xanthine chemical group.
• Adenosine is a natural occurring xanthine in the
  brain that is used as a neurotransmitter at some
  synapses.
• Caffeine also acts at other sites in the body to
  increase heart rate, constrict blood vessels,
  relax air passages to improve breathing and allow
  some muscles to contract more easily.

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References

• http//www.cspinet.org/new/cafchart.htm
• J.J. Barone, H.R. Roberts (1996) Caffeine
  Consumption. Food Chemistry and Toxicology, vol.
  34, pp. 119-129.
• Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological
  Chemistry (4th ed.) by John McMurry and Mary E.
  Castellion, Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice
  Hall.
• Caffeine. The New Encyclopedia Britannica.
  1998 ed.
• Caffeine Dosage. http//www.erowid.org/chemical
  s/caffeine/caffeine_dose.shtml
• Caffeine Effects.
• http//www.eowid.org/chemicals/caffeine/caffeine_
  effects.shtml