Motor Development: Outline Differentiating some important

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Motor Development Outline

• Differentiating some important terms
• Theoretical Positions
• Methodologies
• A Lifespan Perspective
• Infancy,
• Childhood,
• Adolescence
• Adulthood

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Motor Development

• study of changes in human movement behavior
  across the lifespan and the influence of these
  changes on motor performance (p. 238)
• How might one assess changes in motor performance?

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Growth

• is generally considered to be an increase in body
  size or body mass resulting from an enlargement
  of a biological unit (p. 268)

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Maturation

• is defined as progress toward the optimum
  integration and functioning of the bodys systems
  (p. 268)
• What systems are being referenced here?

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Anthropometry

• Deals with measurement of size, proportions, and
  composition of the human body
• (e.g., body composition involves direct
  anthropometric measures to predict particular
  aspects of the body - skinfold thickness to
  estimate body fat)

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Size Height, length mass. volume

• Composition
• body fat
• Lean body mass
• water content
• calcified tissue

• Structure (Form/Shape)
• head length
• Shoulder width
• thigh length
• neck circumference

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Interesting current issues

• Nature vs. Nurture
• Theoretical positions
• Developmental milestones
• sensitive periods
• critical period
• Continuity vs. Discontinuity
• Universality vs. Variability
• (child vs. older adult)
• Assessment
• product and process

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What determines the course of development?

• Maturational theory (Gesell, 1920s)
• genetics exert major development influence
• Biological and social development theory
  (Havighurst, 1950s)
• role for environment
• Intellectual development theory (Piaget, 1960s)
• precursor to IP approach
• Information Processing Approach
• attributes much of development to changes in
  mental capacity (translate, transform, and
  transmit the necessary information from the
  environment to support action)

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Assessment

• Product
• focuses on outcomes (see norms)
• Process
• tries to consider the underlying reasons for the
  movement behavior of the individual

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Paradigms

• Longitudinal (p. 246)
• individuals are followed over the course of
  development
• Cross-sectional (p. 246)
• observations obtained from sub-groups of
  individuals that capture the course of
  development
• Sequential
• several sub-groups are followed over a period of
  time

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Other Approaches to study development?
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Stages and Phases

• Stage
• describes a lifespan descriptor that is often
  associated with an age range
• Phase
• more functional description describing
  development in terms of the types of movement
  behaviors that are exhibited

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PHASE
AGE
STAGE
Prenatal
Reflex
Birth
Rude
6 month
Infancy
2 years
Fund
Early Childhood
6 years
Sport
Late Childhood
12 years
Adolescence
Refine
18 years
Peak
Adulthood
30 years
Regression
Older Adulthood
70 years
From Gabbard, 1996
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Infancy

• Reflex
• is an involuntary movement elicited by a
  particular source of sensory stimulation
• Primitive reflexes
• Postural reflexes
• Locomotor reflexes

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Primitive Reflexes
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Postural Reflexes
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Locomotor Reflexes
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Childhood

• Fundamental movement patterns
• can be described as a common motor act that
  involves a specific kinematic profile (mature and
  immature forms)
• walking
• jumping
• running
• throwing

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Mature Fundamental Patterns An Example

• Throwing
• downward arc of throwing arm
• rotation of trunk (90o)
• step with opposite foot
• throwing arm crosses body on follow-through

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Adolescence

• Developmental changes related to fitness
• Involvement in Youth Sports and focus on
  performance
• Intensive training and health for the young
  athlete
• Resistive training for the young athlete

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Developmental changes related to fitness

• Muscular Strength Endurance
• Aerobic Endurance
• Joint Flexibility
• Body Composition

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Involvement in Youth Sports Focus on away from
fitness/health and toward high performance

• Emphasis on speed, muscular power, and reaction
  times
• Shift from school to extracurricular (either all
  or supplemental FOR SOME)
• Possibly contributing to data from 1981 to 1996
  revealing "the prevalence of overweight increased
  by 92 per cent in boys and by 57 per cent in
  girls."

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Intensive training and health for the young
athlete

• Degree of skeletal maturity
• Growth plate disruptions
• Thermoregulation
• Speedier heat loss in cold and poor sweating
  mechanism in hot
• Nutritional requirements
• Psychological impications

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Resistive training for the young athlete

• Safety in pre-pubescent period
• Efficacy of this type of training
• Low levels of testosterone
• Not muscle development but neural

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Adulthood

• Peak Performance (25-30 yr)
• Strength (e.g., grip strength)
• exercise tolerance (e.g., VO2 max, time to
  exhaustion)
• reaction/movement times

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Studying Aging Gerontology

• Aging is inevitable but the process is very
  variable. Thus, the key is to experience a slow
  rate of aging.

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Demographics of Aging

• 1900 4 of Americans gt 65
• 2000 13 of Americans gt 65
• 2030 22 of Americans gt 65
• Health care improvements
• Prevention
• Diet
• Medication
• PHYSICALLY ACTIVE
• Reduction in other related risk factors

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Aging Process Whats involved?

• Muscle
• Adaptation from fast to slow twitch
• Muscle size decrease and associated strength
  (relationship less defined)
• CNS
• Reduction in synaptic development
• General degradation in sensory and motor
  processes

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Aging Process Whats involved?

• Skeletal System
• Reduction in water content in vertebral discs as
  well as bone mineral content stature
• Reduction in water content in vertebral discs
  also minimizes capacity to withstand compression
  forces
• Osteoporosis

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Development and other Exercise Sciences

• Anatomical Kinesiology
• Bone
• 13 of weight of new born (67 cartilage)
• 13 of weight in adult (10 cartilage)
• 80 year old male has about 55 (40 -F) bone
  density of 20 year old (osteopenia)
• more porous, brittle, absorbs less energy
• Osteoporosis in post-menopausal women
• 15 of women of 70 and 50 of women over 80
• Muscle
• 25 of infant is muscle while 40 in young adult

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Development and other Exercise Sciences

• Biomechanics
• Inertial changes
• Efficiency
• external mechanical work / physiological cost
• children usually less efficient for variety if
  reasons
• vertical displacement of mass is greater
• decreased stride length
• increased lateral deviation
• altered body composition
• fuel utilization changes
• Adolescent Awkwardness

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The BIG Goal Intervention
S
ACTIVE
Physical Status
SEDENTARY
P
Middle Age
Advanced Age
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Motor Development Outline

• Differentiating some important terms
• Theoretical Positions
• Methodologies
• A Lifespan Perspective
• Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood