Title: Energy Efficiency of Motors and Appliances
1Energy Efficiency of Motors and Appliances
- By Jennifer Hitchcock and Meredith Greene
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2Energy Efficiency Purpose
- The purpose of energy efficient appliances and
motors is to be able to supply the same level of
energy service only using less energy. - Efficient energy use is achieved primarily by
means of a more efficient technology or process
rather than by changes in individual behavior. - Energy conservation reduces the energy
consumption and energy demand per capita and thus
offsets some of the growth in energy supply
needed to keep up with population growth
3Making a Difference
- Along with saving money, energy efficient
appliances and motors save the plant - The energy used to run a product can be cut up to
80 - There is a large potential to make a difference
because all appliances energy usage can be cut - Fridges, washers, dryers, cars
- Light bulbs, anything that plugs
- Into an outlet.
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4Operation
- You can apply new ways to your old appliances to
make them more energy efficient - Keep air filters clean, vents clean, and
baseboards clean - Get a furnace tune up
- Defrost your refrigerator so ice doesnt build up
on the coils - Turn off appliance when they are not being used
- Un-plug appliances
5Operation
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8- Motor-driven equipment accounts for 64 percent of
the electricity consumed in the U.S. industrial
sector. Within the nation's most energy-intensive
industries motor systems consume approximately
290 billion kWh per year.
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ing.aspx
9Motor Efficiency Converting Electricity into
Mechanical Motion
- The energy efficiency of motors depends on the
type of motor. Some are built to be more energy
efficient while others are not. It may be wise to
invest in motors with higher efficiencies than
what is required, even if they are a bit more
expensive. Energy efficient motors reduce the
amount of lost energy going into heat rather than
power by using steel with better magnetic
qualities, bigger diameter wire, and better
bearings. Since less heat is generated, less
energy is needed to cool the motor with a
fanfurther improving energy efficiency.
10How Much Energy They Consume as Compared to
Purchase Price
- Over a typical ten-year operating life, a motor
operating most of the time can easily consume
electricity valued at more than 50 times the
motors initial purchase price. This means that
when you spend 1,600 to purchase a motor that
operates continually, you may be obligating
yourself to spend more than 80,000 on
electricity. - Another example is that even at the relatively
low energy rate of 0.04/kWh, a typical
20-horsepower (hp) continuously running motor
uses almost 6,000 worth of electricity annually,
about six times its initial purchase price.
11Savings by Use of Efficient Motors
- Over half of all electrical energy consumed in
the United States is used by electric motors.
Improving the efficiency of electric motors and
the equipment they drive can save energy, reduce
operating costs, and improve our nations
productivity. - The potential savings in system improvement
opportunities are very large - over 100 billion
kwh/year energy savings and 3 billion (U.S.)
annual energy cost savings opportunity with
existing and new technology by 2010.
12Saving Con.
13Savings Con.
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14Technological Obstacles
- There is an impending shortage of many rare raw
materials used in the manufacture of hybrid and
electric cars. - For example, the rare earth element dysprosium is
required to make many of the advanced electric
motors used in hybrid cars. - However, over 95 of the world's rare earth
elements are mined in China, and domestic Chinese
consumption is expected to consume China's entire
supply by 2012.
15Political/Economic Obstacles
- Motors must meet certain federal laws for them to
be produced. Most general-purpose motors sold
after October 1997 must meet the NEMA (National
Electrical Manufacturers Association) definition,
according to federal law. - Â The following are major design and manufacturing
standards covering electric motors - Â International Electrotechnical Commission IEC
60034 Rotating Electrical Machines - National Electrical Manufacturers Association
(USA) NEMA MG 1 Motors and Generators - Underwriters Labratories (USA) UL 1004 -
Standard for Electric Motors
16Political/Economic Obstacles Con.
- On December 19, 2007, President George W. Bush
signed into law the Energy Independence and
Security Act of 2007. - Similar to its predecessors, the Energy Policy
Act of 1992, and the Energy Policy Act of 2005,
and related pieces of legislation dating back to
the 1970s, the 2007 Act aims to restructure and
reduce, or at least slow the rate of growth in
Americas energy consumption. - Perhaps more importantly for motor users the 2007
version increases the mandated efficiency of
electric motors in commercial and industrial
applications, and expands the range of motors
that in question. The 2007 Act takes effect on
December 19, 2010. - NEMA Premium will become the minimum efficiency
standard for many motors in 2010, making the U.S.
standards the highest in the world.
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19Negative Environmental Impacts
- Appliances have to get energy from somewhere, and
the energy comes from power plants. These power
plants are one main source of air and water
pollution. They also release radioactive
materials into the atmosphere. - Used appliances also produce electronic waste,
which are discarded, surplus, obsolete, or broken
electrical or electronic devices. - The processing of electronic waste in developing
countries causes serious health and pollution
problems because electronic equipment contains
some very serious contaminants such as lead,
cadmium, beryllium, mercury, and brominated flame
retardants. - Even in developed countries recycling and
disposal of e-waste involves significant risk to
workers and communities and great care must be
taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling
operations and leaching of material such as heavy
metals from landfills and incinerator ashes.
20Phantom Loads
- The phantom load is the electricity consumed by a
device when it is turned off. - For example, your television consumes electricity
as it waits for you to hit the on button on
your remote. Your clock uses up energy 24/7 to
keep track of time. - Devices that have a phantom load are sometimes
called vampires. These devices have a hidden
energy cost that most people are never even aware
of. - Nationally, phantom loads make up about six
percent of our energy consumption. This
translates into billions of dollars spent and
countless amounts of pollution emitted into our
air.
21How to Deal with Phantom Loads
- Unplug all devices when not in use.
- Alternatively, plug your devices into a power
strip and turn the strip off when you go to
sleep. - Be careful when using cube shaped transformers
that plug into the wall. They are 60-80
inefficient when plugged in, so it is especially
important that these are on power strips.
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22Improvements
- Increasing the thickness of the copper wires
wound around the core of the motor. This reduces
both the electrical resistance losses in the
wires and the temperature at which the motor
operates. - Using more and thinner high-quality steel sheets
for the main fixed and rotating parts of the
motor. This also minimizes electrical losses. - Narrowing the air gap between the spinning and
stationary motor components, increasing the
strength of its magnetic field. This lets the
motor deliver the same output using less power.