U.S. HISTORY I

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U.S. HISTORY I

• CHAPTER 10
• WORLD WAR I and Beyond
• (1914-1920)

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U.S. History I

• Chapter 10 Section 1
• From Neutrality to War
• 3.1, 9.3, 9.4

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What Caused WWI?

• 1. Nationalism/Competition
• 2. Imperialism/Militarism
• 3. Alliances
• 4. Chain Reaction

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1. NATIONALISM

• 1900 Pan-German Movement
• Germany Austrias idea to unite all German
  speaking countries
• Pan-Slavic Movement
• Russias plan to bring all Slavic speaking
  countries together
• Bosnia Slavic speaking annexed by Austria

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2. IMPERIALISM

• Russia vs. Austria Balkans (Bosnia)
• Italy vs. Austria Disputed borders
• France vs. Germany Alsace Lorraine Germany
  Lost to France in 1871
• Germany vs. Russia German expansion Eastward
• Bigger meant better!!

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RESULT OF RIVALRY Militarism

• Militarism Glorification of Military
• Huge military buildup
• Conscription Males of certain age required to
  serve in military
• Eg. Russia 8,000,000 troops
• Germany Well trained army
• Britain Strong Navy

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3. ALLIANCES

• 1. Triple Alliance
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Italy
• Italy later joined the allies because of disputes
  with Austria.

• 2. Triple Entente
• France
• Russia
• Great Britain

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4. CHAIN REACTION

• 1. June 28th 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand
  (Heir to Austrian Throne) murdered (Gavrillo
  Princip)
• -Austria blamed Serbia
• -Declared war on Serbia
• 2. Russia declared war on Austria/Germany
• 3. Germany declared war on Russia/France
• 4. Germany invaded France through Belgium
• 5. Great Britain declared war on Germany

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EARLY STAGES

• Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Later joined by
• Ottoman Empire
• Bulgaria

• Allied Powers
• France
• Russia
• Great Britain
• 28 countries
• United States
• ITALY later

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POLITICAL LEADERSALLIES

• United States Woodrow Wilson
• Great Britain David Lloyd George (PM)
• Italy Vittorio Orlando
• France Georges Clemenceau
• Russia Czar Nicholas II
• Would eventually be ousted as Czar during the
  Russian Revolution
• Vladimir I. Lenin would assume control

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POLITICAL LEADERSCENTRAL POWERS

• GERMANY KAISER WILHELM II
• Austria/Hungary Hapsburg Dynasty
• Ottoman Empire Sultan Mehmed V Resat
• All three considered empires!

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END OF DAY I
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DAY II

• Begin

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vonSCHLIEFFIN PLAN1905

• Germanys plan to win the war quickly on both the
  eastern and western fronts.
• 1. Invade France Through Belgium
• 2. Capture Paris
• 3. Move resources to eastern front to invade
  Russia before Russian army is mobilized
• Would take Russia six weeks to mobilize army
• Did not count on Great Britain entering the war!

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SCHLIEFFIN PLAN
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WARFARE IN THE WEST

• Western Front Fighting in France
• GERMANY Moved into France and pushed as far as
  the Marne River.(40Miles from Paris)
• Oct. 1914 Germany Stopped and Pushed back into
  Belgium
• Gen. Ferdinand Foch(France)
• Ordered troops to Dig-in

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Deadly Technology Leads to a STALEMATE

• Allied and German troops dig a series of trenches
  that stretch 400 miles.
• North Sea to Switzerland
• FERDINAND FOCHgt

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TRENCH WARFARE

• Lasted 1914-1918

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Instruments of DeathOld Ideas vs. New
Technology

• Machine Guns
• Heavy Artillery
• Poison Gas(Germany)
• Tanks
• Airplanes
• U-Boats
• Casualties Number of Soldiers killed, wounded,
  or missing
• Number Exploded

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U-BOAT DIAGRAM
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U.S. Neutrality

• Woodrow Wilson wanted to remain neutral
• American Opinions split on who to support
• Expects U-Boats to warn civilian ships before
  sinking
• Also, U-boats must rescue survivors
• German U-boats continue to attack U.S. Merchant
  ships without warning!

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Neutrality Gives Way to War

• Britain Blockaded Germany
• Contra-band Goods used to fight a war
• German Submarines called U-Boats ruled the
  seas.
• 1915 Germany Declares War on British Isles
• Sinks 1,000 ships in one month!!

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Sinking of the Lusitania

• May 7, 1915
• Lusitania sunk off coast of Ireland by a German
  U-Boat
• Was a civilian ship
• Sunk in 18 minutes
• 1,198 killed Most were women and children
• 128 Americans killed!

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SUSSEX PLEDGE

• Germany sinks the Sussex
• It was a French passenger ship
• Wilson was furious
• Germany and the United States sign the Sussex
  Pledge
• Germany agrees to warn merchant ships and save
  passengers
• Wilson re-elected on neutrality ticket

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THE ZIMMERMANN NOTE

• Intercepted by British
• Written by Arthur Zimmermann German Ambassador
  to Mexico
• If Mexico would join Germany against the U.S.,
  Then Germany promised to restore New Mexico,
  Texas, and Arizona to Mexico
• Germany then proceeds to target American
  Merchant ships Without Warning

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The Yankees are Coming!

• April 6, 1917 The United States declares war on
  Germany
• Wilson This will be a war to end all wars.

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U.S. History I

• Chapter 10 Section 2
• The Home Front
• 3.1, 3.7, 3.9

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Commitment

• Once the United States decided to commit to WWI,
  ALL citizens had to contribute
• 1. Soldiers Selective Service Act Draft
• Conscientious Objector Moral beliefs forbids one
  to fight
• 2. Money Bernard Baruch WIB
• 3. Supplies Conserve
• 4. Public Opinion George Creel President
• Committee on Public Information Educate Public
  
• 5. Loyalty Espionage Act Treasonable
  Newspaper Articles and Speeches Banned
• Schenck v. U.S. Upheld against speech
• Abrams v. U.S. Upheld against print

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RECRUITMENT POSTERS
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FINANCIAL POSTERS
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Anti-German Posters
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The Great Migration

• Many African Americans Moved north for war
  industry jobs (Chicagoetc)
• Many Mexican Immigrants enter the U.S. for war
  jobs (Los Angeles)

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U.S. History I

• Chapter 10 Section 3
• Wilson, War, and Peace
• 3.1, 3.3, 3.4

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Convoy System

• Troop transports that were traveling across the
  Atlantic Ocean would be surrounded and protected
  by American and British warships to ensure that
  they made it safely to Europe
• 1917 Vladimir Lenin Over threw Czar Nicholas
  II Russia Surrendered

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American Troops Distinguish Themselves

• John J. Pershing American Commander
• The U.S. impact on the war was almost immediate
• U.S. troops broke the stalemate on the western
  front
• U.S. troops push Germans through the Argonne
  Forest
• Dense Natural Barriers

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The Great War Ends!

• By Oct. 1918 The tide of the war had been turned
  and Germany wanted peace
• Wilson offered 14 point peace plan
• November 11th, 1918
• Armistice signed
• The 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month
  1918
• 8,000,000 Soldiers killed

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Pictures of Destruction

• Verdun Palace Before and after

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Destruction Continued

• Esnes French Village

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WILSONS PEACE PLANFourteen Points Peace w/o
Victory

• 1. Ban Secret Treaties
• 2. Guarantee Freedom of the Seas
• 3. Remove International Tariff Barriers
• 4. Reduce Armaments
• 5. Adjust Colonial Claims (Respect Colonial
  Peoples)
• 6. Territory Changes Based on Self-Determination
• 7. Formation of a League of Nations
• Other Points Dealt with Border Adjustments and
  the freeing of captured territories
• Henry Cabot Lodge Did not support plan

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America Rejects Treaty

• June 28, 1919 Treaty of Versailles
• Germany
• 1. Lost Colonies (Alsace and Lorraine)
• 2. Lost Coal Mines
• 3. Forced to reduce army
• 4. Navy crippled
• 5. Germany had to pay 33 Billion in reparations
• Very Strict Terms
• Irreconcilables Isolationists (did not like
  treaty)
• Reservationists Did not like wording in League
  of Nations Plan

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U.S. History I

• Chapter 10 Section 4
• Effects of the War
• 3.1, 4.3, 9.3

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Flu Pandemic Grips the Nation

• Influenza 1918-1919 Unusually strong strain of
  flu hits the world Began in Spain and was taken
  home by soldiers of WWI
• 550,000 Americans Killed by flu 116,000 died in
  WWI!
• 50,000-100,000,000 People die world-wide!
• 15,000,000 killed during WWI!

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Women and African Americans Confront New Realities

• 1919 Chicago Race Riots Erupt after a black man
  is drowned by whites
• Women told to go back home
• Inflation Rise in cost of goods was high
• U.S. in a Recession

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The Red Scare

• Red Color most commonly associated w/communism
• Red Scare Fear of Communism
• Palmer Raids Thousands of suspected communists
  and immigrants were rounded up and deported from
  U.S.
• ACLU formed to protect civil liberties

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Sacco and Vanzetti Executed

• Nicola Sacco (Right)
• Bartolomeo Vanzetti
• Two Italian immigrants, and known anarchists who
  were convicted of murder and executed on weak
  evidence
• Many protested

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Americans Embrace Normalcy

• Warren G. Harding Elected President in 1920 and
  promised to return the country to Normalcy
• 1920 U.S. most powerful and wealthy nation in
  the world
• Creditor Nation Other nations owed the U.S. more
  than it owed them
• Americans adjust to role as the Quiet Giant