Crash course in Korea Presented by Animation Liberation

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Crash course in Korea

• Presented by
• Animation Liberation Magazine

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Geography of Korea

• Korea is roughly the size of England (total area
  223,170 km²). With 4908 km of Coastline (N
  2495 S 2413) it is best described as a
  peninsula. With thanks to both the Yalu River
  and Amnok river serving as natural borders, Korea
  has been recognized as a different
  country/culture from China and Russia for about
  2,400 years (since it was first mentioned in
  written history).

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The Tumen River created a natural border between
Russia and Korea.
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Korea is practically surrounded by water to
East is the Sea of Japan to the south-east is
the Korean strait to the south-west is the East
China sea and finally to the west is the Yellow
sea.

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• Only two other countries share land borders with
  Korea
• Korea borders China to the north-west for 1,416
  km by means of the Yalu river (The Yalu River
  (Chinese) or the Amnok River (Korean) is a river
  on the border between China and North Korea. The
  Chinese name comes from a Manchu word meaning
  "the boundary between two fields". The Korean
  name is the Korean pronunciation of the same
  Chinese characters.)
• Russia to the east (Russia 19 kmby means of the
  Tumen River)

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• Two other important geographic notes are the
  closeness of Japan to the east. Mongolia,
  situated farther to the west of Russia, is close
  to Korea though they do not share bordersthey
  have had many historical conflicts.
• As for the recently created South Korean they
  only land border North Korea by 238 km. North
  Korea took both the borders between China and
  Russia.

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Why care about geography?

• All four of the worlds superpowers have shown
  heavy interest in Korea (USA, Japan, China,
  Russia).

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Early History (2333 BCE - 1905 CE)

• Three Kingdoms of Korea.
• Considered to be the first proper nation of
  the Korean people, according to the Samguk Yusa
  and other Korean medieval-era records Gojoseon
  is said to have been founded in 2333 BC by the
  legendary Dangun, who is said to be the grandson
  of Heaven (?? ,??).

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Samguk Yusa(or Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms)

• is a collection of legends, folktales, and
  historical accounts relating to the Three
  Kingdoms of Korea (Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla),
  as well as to other periods and states before,
  during, and after the Three Kingdoms period.
• The text was written in Classical Chinese, which
  was used by literate Koreans at that time. It was
  compiled, at least in part, by the Buddhist monk
  Iryeon (1206 - 1289) at the end of the 13th
  century, a century after the Samguk Sagi.

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Gojoseon--culture

• In the Mumun Pottery Period (1500300 BC), plain
  coarse pottery replaced earlier comb-pattern
  wares, possibly as a result of the influence of
  new populations migrating to Korea from Manchuria
  and Siberia. This type of pottery typically has
  thicker walls and displays a wider variety of
  shapes, indicating improvements in kiln
  technology.

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Rice cultivation-- Bronze Age

• sometime around 1200 to 900 BC, rice cultivation
  was introduced to Korea, most likely from China
  by way of Manchuria. The people also farmed
  native grains such as millet and barley, and
  domesticated livestock.
• the beginning of the Bronze Age on the peninsula
  is usually said to be 1000 BC although the
  Korean Bronze Age culture derives from the
  Liaoning and Manchuria, it exhibits unique
  typology and styles, especially in ritual objects.

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Dolmen tombs-- Iron Age

• Around 900 BC, burial practices become more
  elaborate, a reflection of increasing social
  stratification. Goindol, the Dolmen tombs in
  Korea and Manchuria, formed of upright stones
  supporting a horizontal slab, are more numerous
  in Korea than in other parts of East Asia.
  Around the 6th century BC, burnished red wares,
  made of a fine iron-rich clay and characterized
  by a smooth, lustrous surface, appear in dolmen
  tombs, as well as in domestic bowls and cups.
• Around 300 BC, iron technology was introduced
  into Korea from China. Iron was produced locally
  in the southern part of the peninsula by the
  second century BC. According to Chinese accounts,
  iron from the lower Nakdong River valley in the
  southeast, was valued throughout the peninsula
  and Japan.

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Gojosens end

• By 3rd Century BC, Gojosen disintegrated into
  many successor states and was formally defeated
  by the Han dynasty of China in 108 BC.

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Three Kingdoms (57 BCE - 668 CE)

• Goguryeo, Baekje
• and Silla

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• All three kingdoms shared a similar culture and
  language. Their original religions appear to have
  been shamanistic, but they were increasingly
  influenced by Chinese culture, particularly
  Confucianism and Taoism. In the 4th century,
  Buddhism was introduced to the peninsula and
  spread rapidly, briefly becoming the official
  religion of all three kingdoms.
• The Three Kingdoms period ran from 57 BC until
  Silla's triumph over Goguryeo in 668, which
  marked the beginning of the North and South
  States period (?????) of Unified Silla in the
  South and Balhae in the North.

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Goguryeo (1)

• Eventually the largest of the three kingdoms,
  had several capitals in alternation two capitals
  in the upper Yalu area, and later Nangrang
• (?? Lelang in Chinese) which is now part of
  Pyongyang. At the beginning, the state was
  located on the border with China it gradually
  expanded into Manchuria and destroyed the Chinese
  Lelang commandery in 313. The cultural influence
  of the Chinese continued as Buddhism was adopted
  as the official religion in 372.

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Baekje (2)

• Absorbed or conquered other Mahan chiefdoms and,
  at its peak in the 4th century, controlled most
  of the western Korean peninsula. Under attack
  from Goguryeo, the capital moved south to Ungjin
  (present-day Gongju) and later further south to
  Sabi (present-day Buyeo).
• Baekje exerted its political influence on Tamna,
  a kingdom of Jeju Island. Baekje maintained a
  close relationship with and extracted tribute
  from Tamna. Baekje's religious and artistic
  culture influenced Goguryeo and Silla.
• Buddhism was introduced to Baekje in 384 from
  Goguryeo, which Baekje welcomed. Later, Baekje
  played a fundamental role in transmitting
  cultural developments, including Chinese
  characters and Buddhism, into ancient Japan.
  Baekje was conquered by an alliance of Silla and
  Tang forces in 660.

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Sillia (3)

• To cope with invasions from Goguryeo and Baekje,
  Silla deepened its relations with the Tang
  Dynasty, with her newly-gained access to the
  Yellow Sea making direct contact with the Tang
  possible. After the conquest of Goguryeo and
  Baekje with her Tang allies, the Silla kingdom
  drove the Tang forces out of the peninsula and
  occupied the lands south of Pyongyang.
• The capital of Silla was Seorabeol (now
  Gyeongju). Buddhism became the official religion
  in 528. The remaining material culture from the
  kingdom of Silla including unique gold metalwork
  shows influence from the northern nomadic
  steppes, differentiating it from the culture of
  Goguryeo and Baekje where Chinese influence was
  more pronounced.

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North South States Period (698 CE - 936 CE)

• refers to the period in Korean history when Silla
  and Balhae coexisted at the south and the north.
  North-South States Period of which the north
  state is Balhae and the south state is Silla
  because the unification by Silla was imperfect,
  and the people of destroyed Goguryeo had
  established Balhae.
• No written records from Balhae itself survive.
  Neither Silla nor the later Goryeo wrote an
  official history for Balhae. The People's
  Republic of China is accused of limiting Korean
  archealogists access to historical sites located
  within Liaoning and Jilin.
• In 926, Balhae, was defeated by the Khitans (a
  nomadic people, located in Mongolia, and modern
  Manchuria (Northeast China) from the 4th century,
  dominating much of it by the 10th century under
  the Liao Dynasty, and eventually collapsing by
  1125-1211)

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Goryeo(918-1392 CE)

• The country Goryeo was founded in 918 and
  replaced Silla as the ruling dynasty of Korea.
  ("Goryeo" is a short form of "Goguryeo" and the
  source of the English name "Korea.") The dynasty
  lasted until 1392. During this period laws were
  codified, and a civil service system was
  introduced. Buddhism flourished, and spread
  throughout the peninsula. The development of
  celadon industry flourished in 12th and 13th
  century. The publication of Tripitaka Koreana
  onto 80,000 wooden blocks and the invention of
  the world's first movable-metal-type printing
  press in 13th century attest to Goryeo's cultural
  achievements. Their dynasty was threatened by
  Mongol invasion from the 1230s into the 1270s,
  but the dynastic line continued to survive until
  1392 since they negotiated a treaty with the
  Mongols that kept its sovereign power. In 1350s,
  King Gongmin was free at last to reform a Goryeo
  government. Gongmin had various problems that
  needed to be dealt with, which included the
  removal of pro-Mongol aristocrats and military
  officials, the question of land holding, and
  quelling the growing animosity between the
  Buddhists and Confucian scholars.

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Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910)

• In 1394 he adopted Confucianism as the country's
  official religion, resulting in much loss of
  power and wealth by the Buddhists. King Sejong
  the Great (1418-1450) promulgated hangul, the
  Korean alphabet. Between 1592 and 1598, Japan
  invaded Korea. Toyotomi Hideyoshi led the forces
  and tried to invade the Asian continent through
  Korea, but was eventually repelled before even
  getting through Korea. This war also saw the rise
  of the career of Admiral Yi Sun-shin and his
  "turtle ship" or gobukseon. In the 1620s and
  1630s Joseon suffered invasions by the Manchu who
  eventually also conquered the Chinese Ming
  Dynasty.

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Korean Alphabet

• Hangul (??) or Choson'gul (???) is the official
  script of both North Korea and South Korea, being
  co-official in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous
  Prefecture of China (as of 1997, there is a
  population of 2,184,000).

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• Most English speakers think Korean has thousands
  of characters, like Chinese, but it actually has
  a very simple and logical alphabet, which you can
  learn in a few minutes. The alphabet was invented
  in 1443 during the reign of the Great King
  Sejong. There are 14 basic consonants and 10
  basic vowels.

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• Each block consists of at least two of the 24
  Hangul letters (jamo), with at least one each of
  the 14 consonants and 10 vowels. These syllabic
  blocks can be written horizontally from left to
  right as well as vertically from top to bottom in
  columns from right to left.

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Japanese Occupation(1905-1945)

• Korea was occupied by Japan in 1905 following the
  Russo-Japanese War. Five years later, 1910, Japan
  formally annexed the entire peninsula.

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• The proto-occupation started in 1876, when Japan
  employed gunboat diplomacy to press Joseon to
  sign an unequal treaty. The pact opened up Korea
  for trade with Japan, and also granted the
  Japanese many of the same rights in Korea that
  Westerners enjoyed in Japan, such as
  extraterritoriality (Japanese in Korea would be
  subject to Japanese, not Korean, law).
• In an attempt to counter Japanese interference in
  Korea, Empress Myeongseong, was considering
  turning to Russia or China for support. In 1895,
  Empress Myeongseong was assassinated by the
  Japanese.

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• Between 19041905 Japan and Russia went to war
  with each other (The Russo-Japanese War) Japan
  won. Under the peace treaty signed in September
  1905, Russia acknowledged Japan's "paramount
  political, military, and economic interest" in
  Korea.
• A separate agreement was signed in secret between
  the United States and Japan at this time the
  Taft-Katsura Agreement exchanging what amounted
  to a lack of interest and military capability in
  Korea on the part of the United States (Japan was
  given a free hand in Korea) for a lack of
  interest or capability in the Philippines on the
  part of Japan (Japanese imperialism was diverted
  from the Philippines).
• The occupation was undeniable with 1905s Eulsa
  Treaty and the 1910 Annexation Treaty.

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• In this period, the Imperial Japanese Army
  discriminated against, tortured, plundered,
  raped, summary executed and mass murdered
  Koreans. The Japanese would torture people in
  order to obtain information leading to the
  capture "Independence Army" members.
• Major cultural genocides and war crimes
  committed by the Japanese include sex slavery and
  kidnapping of Korean females for the Japanese
  army, human experiments, on live Koreans,burning
  down of Korean villages, banning of the Korean
  language and religions, complete censorship of
  media, unfair confiscation of land, food and
  cultural assets, forced name changes and Imperial
  education, which led to a strong rise in
  anti-Japanese sentiment and Korean nationalism,
  still persistent to this date in both South Korea
  and North Korea.
• During World War II, Koreans were forced to
  support the Japanese war effort. Tens of
  thousands of men were conscripted into Japan's
  military. Around 200,000 girls and women, mostly
  from Korea and China, were conscripted as sex
  slaves, euphemistically called "comfort women".

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• European-styled transport and communication
  networks were established across the nation. This
  facilitated Japanese exploitation, but
  modernization had little if any effect on the
  Korean people, but was mainly being used to serve
  Japanese trade needs, and their tight centralized
  controls. The Japanese removed the Joseon
  hierarchy, destroyed the Korean Palace, and
  revamped Korea's taxation system to evict tenant
  farmers, export Korean rice crops to Japan which
  provoked Korean famines and brought in a
  punitive series of measures which included
  murdering those who refused to pay taxes in the
  provinces forced slavery in roadworks, mines,
  and first sweat shop factories in Korea. Then
  Japan further promoted slavery of Koreans in
  Japan and its occupied territories by
  transporting forced slaves to these areas.

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• A Korean solider, fighting against Japanese
  occupation.

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Korean War and the division of country

• After failing in the Korean War (1950-53) to
  conquer the US-backed Republic of Korea (ROK) in
  the southern portion by force, North Korea
  (DPRK), under its founder President KIM Il Sung,
  adopted a policy of ostensible diplomatic and
  economic "self-reliance" as a check against
  excessive Soviet or Communist Chinese influence.

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South Korea as a US Puppet Government

• United States Army Military Government in
  Korea, also known as USAMGIK, was the official
  ruling body of the southern half of the Korean
  Peninsula from September 8, 1945 to August 15,
  1948.

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• The USMGIK tried to contain civil violence by
  banning strikes on December 8 and outlawing the
  revolutionary government and the people's
  committees on December 12. Things spiraled
  quickly out of control quickly however, with a
  massive strike on September 23 1946 by 8,000
  railway workers in Busan which quickly spread to
  other cities in the South. On October 1, police
  attempts to control rioters in Daegu caused the
  death of three student demonstrators and injuries
  to many others, sparking a mass counter-attack
  killing 38 policemen. Over in Yeongcheon, a
  police station came under attack by a
  10,000-strong crowd on October 3, killing over 40
  policemen and the county chief.
• Other attacks killed about 20 landlords and
  pro-Japanese officials. The US administration
  responded by declaring martial law, firing into
  crowds of demonstrators and killing an unknown
  number of people.

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• The freedom of the press guaranteed by USAMGIK
  led to an explosion of media activity, primarily
  in the newspaper sector but also in radio.
• This period also saw the first flowering of
  Korean literature and other aspects of Korean
  culture, which had been severely repressed during
  the later years of the Japanese occupation.
  Journals of Korean literature and thought began
  to circulate for the first time in decades.

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• Examples of Korean Media,
• culture, and Literature
• South Korea religiosity
• Christianity 29.3
• Buddhism 22.8
• Won Buddhism 0.3
• Confucianism 0.2
• Cheondoism 0.1
• No religion 46.5

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Manhwa

• According to Christopher Hart, a U.S. artist
  and author of books on both manga and manhwa, the
  Korean style is generally more realistic and less
  cartoon-like than manga. In manhwa, hair is more
  natural than the exaggerated spiky style of hair
  exhibited in many manga. Also, in contrast to the
  large-eyed non-ethnic characters in much manga,
  manhwa faces often show stronger evidence of an
  Asian ethnicity. There are now a number of
  publishers specializing in English translations
  of Korean comics, and by and large they are
  unafraid of calling them "manhwa." Though Korea's
  manhwa system developed later, the manga and
  manhwa industries can now be considered equal
  competitors, like "different brands of the same
  product,"

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• WINTER SONATA
• ????
• (Gyeoul yeonga)

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Dancing, dancing!

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Robotics