Hybrid Cars

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Hybrid Cars

• Drew Tepper

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What is a hybrid?

• Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) include both a
  combustion engine as well as an electric motor.
• If we had better batteries, we would not need
  hybrids at all.
• Hybrids can be implemented in many kinds of
  vehicles.

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Global-Warming Still An Issue.

• Hybrids are not zero-emission vehicles.
• Will cut down emissions of global-warming
  pollutants by a third to a half.
• Later models may cut these emissions down by even
  more.

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Why hybrids?

• Regenerative braking actually makes city driving
  more economical than on the highway.
• Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (twice).
• Emissions are greatly decreased.
• Dependency on fossils fuels can be decreased.
• Hybrids can be run on alternative fuels as well.
• New materials can be implemented.

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EPA at work

• Federal guidelines for emissions
• Tier 1 took effect in 1997
• Tier 2 will phased-in beginning 2004.
• National LEV (NLEV) builds on the California
  Emissions Standards until Tier 2 is implemented.
• LEV II California Emissions Standards.

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ULEV/SULEV

• Tier 1, TLEV, LEV, ULEV, SULEV, ZEV.
• CARB California Air Resources Board.
• CO2 reductions not called for. Only HC, CO, NOx.
• Cars can be certified Low Emissions Vehicles but
  at the same time have high fuel consumption.

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Reductions
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Tax Incentives

• The IRS has determined that purchasers of a new
  Honda Insight, Honda Civic Hybrid or Toyota Prius
  are eligible for a "Clean-Fuel" vehicle tax
  deduction of 2,000. The current incentive is
  scheduled to phase out in 2004-06.
• www.fueleconomy.gov/

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Some EPA facts

• Every gallon of gasoline your vehicle burns puts
  20 pounds of CO2 into the atmosphere.
• A 5 mpg difference in fuel economy equates to
  about 2,800 pounds of CO2 a year.

www.epa.gov/greenvehicles
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Tons of greenhouse gas

• NLEV program does not take CO2 into account but
  lets see some numbers
• Honda Insight 3.4 t/yr.
• Honda Civic Hybrid 3.9 t/yr.
• Toyota Prius 4.0t/yr.
• Ford Explorer 11.0 t/yr.
• Honda Civic 5.7 t/yr. (calculated)

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Honda Insight 2003

• Cost
• 19,080/21,280 (MT/CVT)

MT manual transmission CVT continuously
variable transmission
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Honda Insight 2003
Horsepower 67(65)_at_5700 or 73(71)_at_5700 (with IMA)
Emissions Rating ULEV/SULEV
Power Output 13 hp/10 kW _at_ 3000 rpm
Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Battery 144V (120 cells _at_ 1.2V)
Length 155.1 inches
Curb Weight 1847/(1878) or 1967 lbs.
Mileage (City/Highway) 61/68 or 57/56 mpg
Tank Capacity 10.6 gal.
0 to 60 11.3/11.2 seconds

• IMA integrated motor assist system

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Honda Civic Hybrid 2003

• Cost 19,550/20,550 (MT/CVT)

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Honda Civic Hybrid 2003
Civic DX Auto
13,010
115_at_4500
ULEV
 
 
174.6 inches
2500 lbs.
29/38 mpg
13.2 gal
8.4 seconds

Horsepower 85_at_5700 or 93_at_5700 (with IMA)
Emissions Rating ULEV
Power Output 13.4 hp _at_ 4000 rpm
Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Battery 144V (120 cells _at_ 1.2V)
Length 174.8 inches
Curb Weight 2661/2732 lbs.
Mileage (City/Highway) 51/46 or 48/47 mpg
Tank Capacity 13.2 gal.
0 to 60 11 seconds
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Toyota Prius 2003

• Cost 20,480 CVT

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Toyota Prius 2003
Horsepower 70_at_4500 (98 HP combined)
Emissions Rating SULEV
Power Output 44 hp/33 kW _at_ 1040-5600 rpm
Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Battery 273.6V (228 cells _at_ 1.2V)
Length 169.6 inches
Curb Weight 2765 lbs.
Mileage (City/Highway) 52/45 mpg
Tank Capacity 11.8 gal.
0 to 60 12.7 seconds
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A note about Ford

• I believe Ford is behind in the Hybrid world.
• The Hybrid Escape is due at the end of 2003 with
  40/29 mpg as compared to 19/25 mpg.
• The Explorer 239 HP, 4422 lbs., gets 17/21 mpg,
  and has a 22.5 gallon tank.

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Tepper Fleet Consumption

• 33.3 t/yr. CO2
• Could be reduced to less than half if all cars
  were hybrids.

www.fueleconomy.gov
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Cars to come

• GM Chevy Pickup 2004, Chevy Suburban 2004.
• Daimler-Chrysler Dodge Ram Pickup 2005, Mercedes
  S-Class 2006.