Struggles for

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Struggles for Democracy, 1945Present
Chapter Overview
Time Line
Patterns of Change Democracy
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SECTION
Democratic Challenges in African Nations
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SECTION
Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy
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SECTION
MAP
Collapse of the Soviet Union
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SECTION
China Follows Its Own Path
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SECTION
GRAPH
Visual Summary
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Struggles for Democracy, 1945Present
The establishment of democracy can be a long,
difficult process, as events in Latin America,
Africa, the former Soviet bloc, and China show.
Democracy appears to be on the rise worldwide as
people recognize many common economic and
political goals.
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Struggles for Democracy, 1945Present
Time Line
1967 Nigerian civil war begins.
1948 South Africa imposes apartheid policy of
racial discrimination.
1985 Mikhail Gorbachev takes power in Soviet
Union.
1991 Soviet Union dissolves.
1964 Brazilian military seizes power.
1978 Deng Xiaoping begins economic reforms in
China.
1989 Berlin Wall comes down.
1994 South Africa holds its first multiracial
election.
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Democracy
CASE STUDY Latin American Democracies
Key Idea
Democracy requires key institutions and practices
to ensure popular participation. After World War
II, Latin American countries struggle to create
stable democratic systems.
Overview
Assessment
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Democracy
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CASE STUDY Latin American Democracies
Overview
Brasília land reform standard of
living recession PRI
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Democracy is not easy to achieve. In Latin
America, economic problems and authoritarian rule
delayed democracy.
By the mid-1990s, almost all Latin American
nations had democratic governments.
Assessment
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Democracy
CASE STUDY Latin American Democracies
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Section
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. Record the steps that Brazil, Mexico,
and Argentina have taken toward democracy.
continued . . .
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Democracy
CASE STUDY Latin American Democracies
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Section
Assessment
2. Compare and contrast the roles of the military
in the governments of Brazil, Mexico, and
Argentina. THINK ABOUT
their relationship to civilian governments
whether they hindered or advanced democracy
ANSWER
In Brazil and Argentina, the military overthrew
civilian governments. Eventually they were forced
to give up power and allow free elections. In
Mexico, the military has never directly
controlled the government.
Possible Responses
continued . . .
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Democracy
CASE STUDY Latin American Democracies
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Section
Assessment
3. How does the state of a nations economy
affect its democratic progress? THINK ABOUT
how economic conditions affect citizens
support for the government
how economic conditions affect the
governments ability to provide for its citizens
ANSWER
Citizens are more likely to take part in
political processes if they have economic
security. Also, they are more likely to have a
stake in their countrys future if they have a
chance of economic improvement. If a government
faces economic problems, such as high foreign
debt, it has less money to spend on its people
and may therefore lose public support.
Possible Responses
End of Section 1
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Democratic Challenges in African Nations
Key Idea
African nations work to build democracy. While
Nigeria suffers setbacks, South Africa casts off
white rule and lays the foundations for a
democratic, multi-racial government.
Overview
Assessment
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Democratic Challenges in African Nations
Overview
federal system martial law dissident
apartheid Nelson Mandela
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
As the recent histories of Nigeria and South
Africa show, ethnic and racial conflicts can
hinder democracy.
As Nigeria struggled with democracy, in 1996
South Africa adopted a bill of rights that
promotes racial equality.
Assessment
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Democratic Challenges in African Nations
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. Compare political events in Nigeria and
South Africa.
Both
continued . . .
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Democratic Challenges in African Nations
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Section
Assessment
2. What do you think is the main problem that
Nigeria must overcome before it can establish a
democratic government? THINK ABOUT
the problems that led to the civil war
the actions of the current military government
ANSWER

• The different ethnic groups must learn to accept
  one another, to prevent future conflicts.
• The military must give up power and allow
  civilians to rule.

Possible Responses
End of Section 2
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Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy
MAP
Key Idea
Under Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union
undertakes major reforms to open up the Communist
system. Soviet bloc countries in Eastern Europe
go a step further and throw off Communist rule
completely.
Overview
Assessment
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Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy
MAP
Overview
Politburo Mikhail Gorbachev glasnost
perestroika Solidarity Lech Walesa
reunification
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev promoted
democratic reforms, which inspired many Eastern
Europeans.
In the 1990s, most Eastern European nations
overthrew communist governments. Germany
reunified.
Assessment
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Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy
MAP
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Section
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. List significant events in the Soviet
Union and Eastern Europe between 1985 and 1995.
continued . . .
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Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy
MAP
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Section
Assessment
2.  Explain how Gorbachevs reforms helped to
move the Soviet Union closer toward democracy.
THINK ABOUT
the democratic practices and conditions listed
onthe chart in Section 1
how Gorbachevs policies promoted those
practices and conditions
ANSWER
Glasnost encouraged freedom of speech and
citizen participation. Perestroika promised to
improve the economy. Democratic reforms
provided more open elections.
Possible Responses
End of Section 3
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Collapse of the Soviet Union
Key Idea
Reforms lead to unrest and the breakup of the
Soviet Union. Yugoslavia, Poland, and
Czechoslovakia face problems after becoming free
of communism.
Overview
Assessment
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Collapse of the Soviet Union
Overview
Boris Yeltsin CIS shock therapy
ethnic cleansing
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
In the early 1990s, the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia,
and Czechoslovakia all broke apart.
Many of the new nations created after those
breakups continue to struggle to establish
democracy.
Assessment
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Collapse of the Soviet Union
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Section
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. Record the main reason or reasons that
the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia
each broke apart.
Economic differences between regions
continued . . .
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Collapse of the Soviet Union
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Section
Assessment
2. Why did ethnic tension become such a severe
problem in the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia in the
early 1990s? THINK ABOUT
the role that past Communist leaders had played
in holding those countries together
the democratic reforms demanded by various
ethnic groups
how those demands affected national unity
ANSWER
In the past, Communist leaders had suppressed
nationalism and demands for self-rule. With the
spread of democratic reforms, many ethnic groups
demanded self-rule. This broke apart the Soviet
Union. In Yugoslavia, one groupthe Serbstried
to dominate others. This led to civil war.
Possible Responses
continued . . .
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Collapse of the Soviet Union
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Section
Assessment
3. It has been said that Gorbachevs reforms led
to a second Russian Revolution. What did this
revolution overthrow? THINK ABOUT
changes in the Soviet government and in the
political process
who lost and who gained power
ANSWER
The Soviet Union broke into 15 republics.
Authoritarian rule was replaced by more
democratic practices. Conservative Communists
lost power, and the people gained power.
Possible Responses
End of Section 4
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China Follows Its Own Path
GRAPH
Key Idea
China opens up to the West and implements reforms
while maintaining its Communist system. Questions
remain about the prospects for democracy in
China, even as China regains Hong Kong.
Overview
Assessment
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China Follows Its Own Path
GRAPH
Overview
Zhou Enlai Deng Xiaoping Four
Modernizations Tiananmen Square Hong Kong
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
In recent years, Chinas government has
experimented with capitalism but has rejected
calls for democracy.
After the 1997 death of Chinese leader Deng
Xiaoping, President Jiang Zemin seemed to be
continuing those policies.
Assessment
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China Follows Its Own Path
GRAPH
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Section
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. List the events leading up to the
demonstration in Tiananmen Square and the events
that followed it.
Chinese buy Western goods and enjoy Western
culture.
Chinese students study in West.
Chinese government massacres protesters.
China opens doors to U.S.
Deng Xiaoping begins Four Modernizations.
Chinese government represses pro-democracy
movement.
Western tourists visit China.
continued . . .
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China Follows Its Own Path
GRAPH
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Section
Assessment
2. Judging from what you have read about the
Chinese government, do you think Hong Kong will
keep its freedoms under Chinese rule? Explain.
THINK ABOUT
the economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping
Tiananmen Square
the Chinese governments promise to respect
Hong Kongs liberties for 50 years
ANSWER
NoThe Chinese government will try to apply its
policy of allowing capitalism but repressing
democracy in Hong Kong. YesThe Chinese
government will give Hong Kong special treatment,
perhaps to keep its economy profitable or to
avoid international criticism.
Possible Responses
End of Section 5