Ayn Rand 19051985

1
Ayn Rand 1905-1985 (?)

• The Virtue of Selfishness
• ja Randin suoranainen viha valtiovaltaa kohtaan

2
Ayn Rand

• the only proper, moral purpose of a government
  is to protect mans rights, which means to
  protect him from physical violence to protect
  his right to his life, to his own liberty, to his
  own property and to the pursuit of his own
  happiness without property rights, no other
  rights are possible

3
Rand

• help strangers in an emergency and only in
  emergency
• poverty, ignorance, illness and other problems
  of that kind are not metaphysical emergencies

4
Rand

• what is the cause of todays egalitarian trend?
  For over two hundred years, Europes
  predominantly altruist-collectivist intellectuals
  had claimed to be the voice of the people the
  champions of the downtrodden masses and of
  unlimited majority rule

5

• majority will and majority welfare were their
  moral base and political goal which justified
  anything

6

• with varying consistency this belief was shared
  by most of Europes social thinkers, from Marx to
  Bentham to John Stuart Mill (whose On Liberty is
  the most deadly and destructive piece of
  collectivism ever adopted by suicidal defenders
  of liberty (Philosophy who needs it, p.114)

7
Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia (1974)

• Näkymättömän käden avulla syntynyt yhteiskunta
  on oikeutettu

8

• 1. Minimivaltio voi syntyä luonnontilassa,
  näkymättömän käden ohjaamana
• 2. Resurssien redistribuutio ei oikeutettua
• 3. Proseduraalinen oikeudenmukaisuus

9

• Kriitikot kysyneet miksi näkymättömän käden
  prosesseilla olisi enemmän arvoa kuin
  tahallisilla interventioilla?
• Miksi legitiimi valtio ei voisi syntyä
  lockelaisen sopimuksen avulla?

10

• Yksilöillä on oikeuksia ja on asioita joita
  heille ei saa tehdä koska muutoin heidän
  oikeuksiaan loukattaisiin
• Protective agencies

11

• INH1 State S is legitimate because it arose from
  a prepolitical state of nature in morally
  permissible ways
• IHS2 State S is leg because it could have arisen
  from a prepolitical state of nature in etc

12

• SC1 State S is leg because it was brought into
  existence by the free agreement of individuals in
  a prepolitical state of nature etc
• SC2 State S is leg because it could have been
  brought into existence
• by the free etc

13
David Miller toimiiko invisible hand argumentti?

• Joskus vain selittää miten jokin tapahtui (ei
  seuraa välttämättä että lopputulos olisi hyvä
  asia esim. extreme residential segregation)
• Nozick tarvitsee justifikatorisen argumentin
  miksi lopputulos olisi hyvä asia?

14
Nozickin entitlement teoria

• Millä perusteella jokin voi omistaa jotain?
  Miksi jokin kuuluu jollekulle?
• 1. a principle of transfer
• 2. a principle of just initial acquisition
  (Villi Länsi)
• 3. a principle of rectification

15
Ainoat sallitut omaisuudensiirtomuodot

• person who acquires a holding in accordance with
  the principle of justice in acquisition is
  entitled to that holding
• A person who acquires a holding in accordance
  with the principle of justice in transfer, from
  someone else entitled to the holding, is entitled
  to the holding.
• No one is entitled to a holding except by
  repeated applications of 1 and 2.

16
Intuitiivinen argumentti

• Ihmiset haluavat itse päättää miten rahansa
  käyttävät (Wilt Chamberlain esimerkki)
• toisaalta intuitiomme kertoo, että heikompia on
  autettava (vrt. Rand) se ei voi kuitenkaan olla
  velvollisuutemme

17
Self-ownership argumentti

• Itseen kohdistuvat oikeudet tärkeimmät,
  muodostavat self-ownership
• omistaja omistettava
• Siksi omaisuuden loukkaus aina loukkaa myös
  omistajaa.
• Mutta millaisia asioita voi sitten omistaa?

18
Libertaristit eivät lämpene Millin kommentille
teoksessa On Socialism

• No longer enslaved or made dependent by force of
  law, the great majority are so by force of
  poverty they are still chained to a place, to an
  occupation, and to conformity with the will of an
  employer, and debarred by the accident of birth
  both from the enjoyments, and from the mental and
  moral advantages, which others inherit
  independently of desert.