Concept and issues of sustainable development ppt

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Sustainable Development Concepts , Issues and
Challenges 54 Senior Staff Course BPATC, Savar,
Dhaka. Dated 20-12-2010 Presented by Md.
Shamsul Arefin Joint Secretary( OSD) Ministry of
Establishment, Dhaka.
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The Concept of Sustainable Development
The concept of sustainable development is a
wide approach which is found in the United
Nations 1987 Brundtland Commission Report.
The report says that, development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own
needs". In essence, sustainable development is a
process of change in which the exploitation of
resources, the direction of investments, the
orientation of technological development and
institutional change are all in harmony and
enhance both current and future potential to meet
human needs and aspirations" Sustainable
development aims to improve the quality of human
life and it is conservation-based that respects
natures ability to provide resources and
life-support services. In this
perspective, it means improving the quality of
human life while living within the carrying
capacity of supporting ecosystems."
"Sustainable development is a normative concept
that embodies standards of judgment and behavior
to be respected as the human community that seeks
to satisfy the need of survival and well-being"
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Sustainable Development

• Sustainable Development is the process by which
  we move towards a
• development that meets the needs of the present
  without compromising the ability of future
  generations to meet their own needs
• (World Commission on Environment and
  Development, 1987)
• This was endorsed in 1992 at the Earth Summit in
  Rio

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Sustainable Development

• In May 1999 the UKs Sustainable Development
  Strategy was published defined in terms of four
  objectives
• Social progress which recognises the needs of
  everyone
• Effective protection of the environment
• Prudent use of natural resources
• Maintenance of high stable levels of economic
  growth employment

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Sustainable development The Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
defines, "Sustainable development is the
management and conservation of the natural
resource base and the orientation of
technological and institutional change in such a
manner as to ensure the attainment and continued
satisfaction of human needs for present and
future generations. Such sustainable
development conserves land, preserves water,
plant and animal genetic resources, which is
environmentally non-degrading, technically
appropriate, economically viable and socially
acceptable." (FAO-994)
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A Holistic Approach Sustainability is a
relationship between dynamic human economic
systems and ecological systems, in which (a)
human life can develop indefinitely (b) human
individuals can flourish (c) human culture can
develop and (d) effects of human activities
remain within bounds so as not to destroy the
diversity, complexity and functioning of the
ecological life-support system. In the context
of Agenda 21 (Rio Summit 1992), we find a set of
measures which shows that neither totally new
production methods nor completely new political
instruments have to be introduced. It is also
not a question of individual decisions on
innovative concepts to implement. It is rather a
question of a holistic approach to "emphasize
explicitly the durable cross-linking production
of the ecological systems.
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Concept of sustainable development Ecological
Protection of natural resources, maintenance of
the basis of production, reduction and avoidance
of environmental degradation, conservation of
biodiversity, minimization of damages to the
ecological system caused by agricultural
production Economic Saving the economic basis
of livelihood, safeguarding and improving of
employment in agriculture, food security and food
quality, contribution to the productivity of the
whole economy Global Responsibility for
avoidance and solution of global environmental
problems, international fairness in distribution
of and access to natural resources, food security
in the global context, accession to international
agreements as the Agenda 21, Climate Convention
etc.
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Issues of Sustainable Development We need to
optimize the economic structure, change the way
of achieving economic growth, pay closer
attention to the conservation and comprehensive
utilization of resources, advocate an
environment-friendly way of production, life and
consumption and bring about a cycle in both our
ecological and socio-economic systems. How can
we all live well and live within the means of one
planet? This is the question of the 21st
century. If we do not design ways to live within
the means of one planet, sustainability will
remain elusive.
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Sustainable Development Goals
MDG 1 Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger MDG
2 Achieve Universal Primary Education MDG 3
Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women MDG 4
Reduce Child Mortality MDG 5 Improve Maternal
Health MDG 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other
Diseases MDG 7 Ensure Environmental
Sustainability MDG 8 Develop a Global
Partnership for Development
Energy, Technology Engineering should make it
possible
Source http//www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
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MDG Goal 7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Target 1 Integrate the principles of sustainable
development into countrys policies and
programmes and reverse the loss of environmental
resources. Target 2 Reduce biodiversity loss,
achieving a significant reduction in the rate of
biodiversity loss Target 3 Halve, by 2015, the
proportion of people without sustainable access
to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
Target 4 By 2020, to have achieved a
significant improvement in the lives of at least
100 million slum dwellers
Source http//www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
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Ecological Footprint (EF)

• EF measures how much land and water area
• a human population requires to produce the
• resource it consumes and to absorb its waste,
• using prevailing technology.

Sustainable global EF per capita Total
Bio capacity per capita
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org
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Biocapacity
Biocapacity means a capacity, which is the
ability of an ecosystem to produce useful
biological materials and to absorb waste
generated by humans.
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org
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For the World
Before 1986, the people of whole world consumed
resources and produced CO2 at a rate consistent
with what the planet could produce and reabsorb.
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org
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EF is 1.3 times of the bio capacity. That is to
say we need 1.3 planets to provide the resources
we use and absorb as our waste. This means, in
2005, it took the Earth one year and four months
to regenerate what we use in a year.
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org
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EF will be 2 times of the bio capacity by the mid
2030 if current population and consumption trends
continue according to moderate UN scenarios. It
means by the mid 2030s we will need the
equivalent of 2 Earths to support us.
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org
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Renewable energy are flows of energy that are
regenerative or virtually inexhaustible. - Dr.
Raymond Wright
Sustainable energy is energy which is
replenishable within a human lifetime and causes
no long-term damages to the environment.
Source http//www.jsdnp.org.jm/glossary.html
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Fossil fuels
Source BP Statistical Review of World Energy
June 2008
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Fossil fuels

• For energy (electricity and heat), we depend
  heavily on the combustion of fossil fuels like
  coal, oil and natural gas.
• Fossil fuels burning is responsible for about
  85 of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions produced
  annually, and therefore the major cause for
  global warming.
• Fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy.
• Fossil fuel is not a sustainable energy source.

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Nuclear fission energy is the best CO2
emissions-free energy source so far.
IAEA2000
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Nuclear Energy
Nuclear waste and the retired nuclear plants
could remain radioactive for hundreds of future
years. Uranium is available on earth only in
limited quantities. Uranium is being converted
during the operation of the nuclear power plant
so it won't be available any more for future
generations. Therefore nuclear power is not a
sustainable source of energy.
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Energy Options Fossil fuels (coal, oil and
natural gas) Hydropower Nuclear energy Solar
energy Wind energy Geothermal energy Ocean (wave,
tidal and ocean thermal) energy Biomass
energy Biofuels (bioethanol or biodiesel) energy
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Degradation of Ecosystems

• Degradation of ecosystems (forest, fresh water,
  marine, etc.)
• Upsetting the carbon cycle, resulting in global
  warming and climate change and the consequences
• Depletion of the ozone layer
• Pesticide, heavy metals and other persistent
  toxic chemicals like DDT poisoning the web of
  life
• Loss of clean air
• Genetically modified (GM) food

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Raw material
Unlimited Energy
Capital
Labour
Industry
Products
Unlimited Environmental degradation
Unlimited
Unlimited Waste material
Unlimited
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Forest industry waste
These burn piles are 15 to 20 ft high.
most "wood" companies only handle one type of
wood and burn the rest.
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Factory waste
More than 500 factories (mostly textiles) line
the banks of the 200-mile Citarum river, near the
Indonesian capital of Jakarta.
Source http//rekkerd.org/citarum-river-a-shockin
g-display-of-abuse/
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Computer industry waste
Source http//www.greenpeace.org/international/ph
otosvideos/photos/ close-up-of-a-huge-pile-of-com
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Sugar factory
Sugar
Alcohol
Compound Fertilizer
Sugar cane farm
Alcohol residue
Fertilizer plant
Molasses
Alcohol plant
Cement mill
Sugar refinery
Cement
Filter sludge
Sugar cane
Black liquor
White sludge
NaOH
NaOH recovery
Pulp plant
Bagasse
Paper mill
Wastewater
Pulp
Paper
Source Zhu and Cˆote 2004, 1028.
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Global Warming
The burning of fossil fuels, land use change and
other industrial activities since the industrial
revolution have increased the warming in the
atmosphere to such a level that the earths
surface is heating up to temperatures that are
very destructive to life on earth. Should we
place a limit on the global CO2 emissions to
ensure sustainable development?
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The Greenhouse effect
A T M O S P H
E R E
S U N
G R E E N H O U S E G A S E S
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Consequences
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Consequences

• death of coral reefs
• spread of dengue and other diseases
• heavy rains severe draughts
• fires, floods, storms, hurricanes
• changed rainfall patterns
• warming and aridity
• loss of biodiversity

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Emissions Reduction Is it an option to Reduce
Population ?
More people
More pollution
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Take a look at the Global Agriculture

• between 1960 and 2000
• world population doubled from 3 to 6 billion
  people
• global economy increased more than sixfold
• to meet this demand
• food production increased 2 ½ times
• water use doubled
• wood harvests for pulp and paper production
  tripled
• timber production increased by more than half

Who is eating?
Source http//www.millenniumassessment.org/
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Challenges of sustainable development Increasing
the food production which might have helped
reducing the number of undernourished people.
The first of the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) is to Eradicate Extreme Poverty and
Hunger The seventh of the MDGs is to Ensure
Environmental Sustainability How to achieve both
the goals simultaneously?
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Fertilizer Use
With high yielding varieties of crops, most soils
are unable to supply the needed amounts of plant
nutrients.
Fertilizers are chemicals that supply plant
nutrients, mostly N, P .
Manufacture of N-based synthetic fertilizers
requires fossil fuels as raw materials.
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Nitrogen cycle
Fertilizer Use
Source http//www.allrefer.com/pictures/s4/p00019
01-nitrogen-cycle
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Fate of pesticides in the environment
Pesticide Use
Source http//www.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk/pesticides.htm
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Way Ahead Some solutions are obtained to keep
afresh the future world from eminent danger GM
food Biotechnology Integrated system of plant and
animal production practices Waste Management
Waste treatment plant Emissions Reduction Use of
best energy options
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Agricultural Biotechnology
Modern agricultural biotechnology includes
manipulation of the genetic make-up of organisms
for use in the production or processing of
agricultural products.

• Why Agricultural Biotechnology?
• to raise and stabilize yields
• to improve resistance to pests and diseases
• to improve resistance to drought, cold, etc.
• to enhance the nutritional content of foods

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Agricultural Biotechnology
Agricultural biotechnology uses genetic
engineering which is a process of inserting a
foreign gene into a plant/animal cell and cloning
that cell into a genetically engineered
crop/animal.
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Agricultural Biotechnology
Increased crop productivity
Crop productivity could be increased by
introducing such qualities as disease resistance
and increased drought tolerance to the crops.
Genes from naturally drought-resistant plants
can be used to increase drought tolerance in many
crop varieties growing in dry climates so that
crops shall use water as efficiently as possible.
Source http//www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/gmo/risks/bene
fits.asp
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Agricultural Biotechnology
Born to and raised by a mother on a conventional
soy diet
Born to and raised by a mother on GM soy diet
Research results of a team led by Irina Ermakova,
Doctor of Biology, at the Institute of Higher
Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the
Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS).
Rat babies of same age
Sourcehttp//www.biotech-weblog.com/50226711/ gen
etically_modified_soy_in_russia.php
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Sustainable Agriculture

• is an integrated system of plant and animal
  production practicesthat will
• satisfy human food and fiber needs
• enhance environmental quality
• make the most efficient use of
• nonrenewable
  resources
• sustain economic viability, and
• enhance quality of life.

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• Conclusion
• It goes without say that Sustainable
  Development is a pattern of resource use that
  aims to meet human needs while preserving the
  environment so that these needs can be met not
  only in the present, but also for generations to
  come.
• The field of sustainable development can be
  conceptually devided into three constituent
  parts
• environmental sutainability,
• economic sustainability and
• sociopolitical sustainability
• All these three vital parts togather can
  play a vital role to maintain an environment for
  sustainable development. So sustainable
  development does not focus solely on
  environmental issues.

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