Public Policy formulation

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Public Policy Its formation and implementation
strategy

• Md. Shamsul Arefin
• Joint Secretary
• Ministry of Establishment
• Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh

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Public Policy

• Public policy is the dynamic and value driven
  process through which a political system handles
  a public problem. It includes a governments
  expressed intentions and official enactments as
  well as its consistent patterns of activity and
  inactivity. (Fowler, 2000)

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Regulation Definition

• Rules and Administrative codes issued by
  governmental agencies at all levels, municipal,
  county, state and federal.
• Although they are not laws, regulations have the
  force of law, since they are adopted under
  authority granted by statutes, and often include
  penalties for violations.
• Law.com dictionary http//dictionary.law.com/def
  ault2.asp?typedregulationtype1submit1.x38sub
  mit1.y10

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Public Policy
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Public Policy-Making Process
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The Policymaking System

• Public Policy how to solve a public problem
• The process by which policy comes into being and
  evolves over time.

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Making Public Policy in 5 Steps

• 1. The National Agenda
• - getting on the radar
• 2. Policy Formulation
• - determining the remedy
• 3. Policy Adoption
• - choosing the remedy
• 4. Policy Implementation
• - regulating the policy
• 5. Policy Evaluation
• - assessing policy

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Policy if not proper

• Groups may react if their issues are being
  ignored

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Effect on Policy

• In order to make a policy decision,
  policymakers must assess the following items
• Cost any burden, monetary or non-monetary, that
  affect a group/people by a policy
• Benefit any satisfaction, monetary or
  non-monetary, that affect a group/people by a
  policy
• Politics who actually benefits/pays and who
  ought to benefit/pay

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The Governments Goals of the Economy

• 1. Economic Growth production increases
• 2. Price Stability prices dont change
  radically
• 3. Full Employment everyone has a job

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Measuring the inflation

• 2. Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures how much
  money people spend on consumer goods
• - Measures changes in inflation (increase in the
  price of goods)
• - Too much money in circulation can lead to HIGH
  levels of inflation.

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Measuring Unemployment

• 3. Unemployment Rate measures the percentage of
  people who want a job, but cant find one

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How to Keep the Economy Stable? Fiscal Policy
Monetary Policy
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Fiscal Policy vs. Monetary Policy

• Fiscal Policy
• Taxing Spending policies
• Tools Involved Budget-making (taxing spending)
• Speed of Policy Quicker way to affect the economy

• Monetary Policy
• Manipulating the money supply of the economy?
  controlling inflation
• Tools Involved
• - Cut/Raise Interest Rates
• - buy/sell securities ? encourage or discourage
  the borrowing of money
• Speed of Policy Slower way to affect the economy
  

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Ideology and the Economy

• Ideology plays large role in shaping policy
  choices
• One may tend to want the government to play an
  active role to improve the economy
• Another may tend to want the government to play a
  minimal role to improve the economy
• BOTH desire high GDP, low unemployment, steady
  inflation

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Fiscal Policy Theories

• Keynesianism When demand in the economy is too
  low, the government should pump money into the
  economy by spending more than it collects in
  taxes? running a deficit
• One may favor this approach
• Another may dislike this approach

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Balancing the Money Supply

• Fact The amount of money in an economy is
  important because it affects the level of
  spending, employment, prices and economic growth.
  
• ?Too much spending can lead to inflation (low
  value of a dollar)
• ?Too little spending can lead to unemployment
  causing the production of goods to decrease
• Therefore The Government needs tools to keep
  inflation steady and keep employment high!

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Monetary Policy

• Definition manipulating the amount of money in
  circulation to alter credit markets, employment,
  and the rate of inflation.
• Bangladesh Bank makes monetary policy
• Monetary Policy Philosophies The Bank can either
  increase/reduce the money supply
• Increasing the rate of growth is loose monetary
  policy
• Reducing the rate is tight monetary policy

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Monetary vs. Fiscal Policy

• Monetary policy is slow, but the Central Bank
  can make a policy change more quickly than fiscal
  policy actions.
• Monetary policy cannot force people to borrow
  money in a recession
• While monetary policy is more powerful against
  inflation, fiscal policy is more effective
  against recessions, because the government does
  the borrowing itself (rather than hoping private
  institutions will borrow money)

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Economic Cause Effect
Fiscal Policy Remedies ? or ? Taxes and ? or ?
Govt. Spending Monetary Policy Remedies ? or ?
Interest Rates and BUY or sell govt. securities
If the Economy is in a recession
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An Interactive Method
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Vision of Policy
Make all Government services accessible to the
common man in his locality, through common
service delivery outlets and ensure efficiency,
transparency reliability of such services at
affordable costs to realize the basic needs of
the common man
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Policy Source

• Quality Education
• Telemedicine Health
• Renewable Energy and Energy Efficient Devices
• Financial Inclusion
• Skill Up gradation

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Changing Role of Government Public Policy Role
of government has been steadily changing, with
increasing emphasis being placed on setting
overall direction through policy and planning, on
engaging stakeholders and citizens to deliver
programs and services. The ownership of issues
is often unclear, especially when more than one
department and often more than one level of
government are involved. Community is also
increasingly claiming ownership of policy issues
and process. Globalization and fiscal resource
limitations contribute to the confusion. In this
complex environment the demand for good public
policy development is steadily increasing, as
must the capacity of managers, policy analysts,
planners, and others involved in the design and
delivery of Public Policies.
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Definition of Public Policy Generally accepted
definition of public policy has been elusive.
Some texts define public policy as simply "what
government does." Others say that it is the
stated principles which guide the actions of
government. Still others say that the discussion
of a definition contributes little and moves
quickly to illustrate a variety of case studies.
Public policy is a course of action adopted and
pursued by a government. The fuller definition is
intended to clarify and to make explicit what
will be the subject matter of the policy.
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Public policy is a purposive consistent course
of action The Government must decide, largely
through political representatives, and citizens
and groups need to be effective at pressing their
grievances. Then we need to identify a specific
action "formulated by a specific political
process." The action that might bring about a
public policy must go somewhere -- and we need to
identify which organization has jurisdiction and
might feasibly respond. Finally, the policy must
be "adopted, implemented, and enforced by a
public agency." That is, some actions must be
administered and implemented. Actions must ensue.
Something must happen. Try to connect the
original issue to the resulting administration.
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why the study of public policy is ethically
demanding. Public policy is determined by
specific organs of government through
established, often complex and cumbersome,
procedures. The process takes place in some
arena, some public place. In the American system,
the arena for policy-making is generally the
Congress, the bicameral legislative branch.
Some formal body has deliberated upon a matter
of public importance under dispute, arrived at a
stated position, and is poised for some follow-up
action. That is, after open discussion, informed
debate, and due deliberation, the political
process has adopted an official declaration of
intent, a policy statement. The policy-as-stated
appears not as mere words in a memorandum, but
generally in an authoritative and legally binding
document. Usually, a policy statement involves
legislation, executive order, or administrative
rule-making, all of which becomes legally
binding. The Public Policy adopted,
implemented, and enforced by a governmental body,
is meant to emphasize that the policy-as-stated
must be put into practice in a manner consistent
with the stated intentions.
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Public Policy Doctrine In private international
law, the public policy doctrine concerns the body
of principles that underpin the operation of
legal systems in each state. This addresses the
social, moral and economic values that tie a
society together values that vary in different
cultures and change over time. Law regulates
behaviour either to reinforce existing social
expectations or to encourage constructive change,
and laws are most likely to be effective when
they are consistent with the most generally
accepted societal norms and reflect the
collective morality of the society. If laws are
applied too strictly and mechanically, the law
cannot keep pace with social innovation.
Similarly, if there is an entirely new situation,
a return to the policies forming the basic
assumptions underpinning potentially relevant
rules of law, identifies the best guidelines for
resolving the immediate dispute. Over time, these
policies evolve, becoming more clearly defined
and more deeply embedded in the legal system.
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Fundamental principles The fundamental policy in
the operation of a legal system is that ignorance
of the law is no excuse. It would completely
undermine the enforcement of any law if the
person potentially at fault was able to raise as
a successful defence that he or she had not been
aware of the particular law. For this reason,
all the main legislatures publish their laws
freely whether in hard copy or on the Internet,
while others offer them for sale to the public at
affordable prices. Because everyone is entitled
to access the laws as they affect their personal
lives, all adults are assumed responsible enough
to research the law before they act. If they fail
to do so, they can hardly complain if their acts
prove unlawful, no matter how transiently they
may be within the jurisdiction.
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The policies adopted by states have come into
being for several reasons The policies adopted by
states have come into being for several reasons.
Some are aspects of the concept of sovereignty
and reflect the essence of territoriality.
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The doctrine of public policy A condition is
against public policy if it is in the interest of
the state that it should not be performed. What
is contrary to public policy has varied from time
to time, and many conditions now upheld which in
former days would have been declared to be
contrary to the (public) policy of the law. The
rule remains, but its application varies with the
principles which for the time being guide public
opinion." The courts have held that they will not
lift a finger to help any person who claims under
a contract which is against public policy they
will not, even indirectly, assist any person to
violate or breach law or the policy behind a law.
This is known as the doctrine of public policy
and it is an important part of contract law and
the law of wills.
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Public Policy in relation to the administration
of the law No subject can lawfully do that which
has a tendency to be injurious to the public or
against the public good which must be termed, as
it sometimes has, the policy of the law or public
policy in relation to the administration of the
law." Contracts encouraging immorality to be
unenforceable as against public policy, or
seeking to enforce a contract obtained by
fraud. Public policy ... is a very unruly horse
and when you get astride of it, you never know
where it will carry you."
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Definition of public policy    Declared State
objectives relating to the health, morals, and
well being of the citizenry. In the interest of
public policy, legislatures and courts seek to
nullify any action, contract, or trust that goes
counter to these objectives even if there is no
statute that expressly declares it void.
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Public policy is to address a public
issue Public policy is an attempt by the
government to address a public issue. The
government, whether it is city, state, or
federal, develops public policy in terms of laws,
regulations, decisions, and actions. There are
three parts to public policy-making problems,
players, and the policy. The problem is the
issue that needs to be addressed. The player is
the individual or group that is influential in
forming a plan to address the problem in
question. Policy is the finalized course of
action decided upon by the government. In most
cases, policies are widely open to interpretation
by non-governmental players, including those in
the private sector. Public policy is also made by
leaders of religious and cultural institutions.
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Policy-making Process can be divided into three
parts The rational model for the public
policy-making process can be divided into three
parts agenda-setting, option-formulation, and
implementation. Within the agenda-setting stage,
the agencies and government officials meet to
discuss the problem at hand. In the second
stage, option-formulation, alternative solutions
are considered and final decisions are made
regarding the best policy. Consequently, the
decided policy is implemented in the final stage.
Implied within this model is the fact that the
needs of the society are a priority for the
players involved in the policy-making process.
Also, it is believed that the government will
follow through on all decisions made by the final
policy.
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Final outcome of the Process Unfortunately, those
who frame the issue to be addressed by policy
often exert an enormous amount of influence over
the entire process through their personalities,
personal interests, political affiliations, and
so on. The bias is extenuated by the players
involved. The final outcome of the process, as
well as its implementation, is therefore not as
effective as that which could result from a
purely rational process. Overall, however, public
policy continues to be vital in addressing social
concerns.
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The primary objective of this lecture The
primary objective of this lecture is to enhance
knowledge, skills, and abilities relating to the
development of public policy, with specific
emphasis on the meaningful inclusion of
stakeholders and citizens. A basic understanding
of public participation and policy development is
assumed. Emphasis is placed on the development of
crosscutting or horizontal. policy and on
increased inclusion of stakeholders and the
policy This lecture is intended to be a
practical guide that will help readers to
understand the public policy context in which we
are working, to see the need and desire for
citizen and community engagement, and then to
design and implement appropriate processes. It
will be of most interest and use to public
servants who work with some aspect of policy
development on a regular basis. This may include
program managers and consultants, planners,
researchers, communication specialists, policy
analysts, and advisors. The workbook is designed
to be used as both a personal resource and study
guide.
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Public Policy Processes Capacity Building
Those who are excluded whether because of
poverty, ill health, race or lack of education,
do not have the opportunity for full
participation in the economic and social benefits
of society. (Guildford, 2000, p. 3) Capacity
Building looks at three fundamental questions 1.
How can public-policy makers tap into community
experience at all levels of the policy-making
process? 2. How can citizens and communities move
beyond lobbying as special interest groups to
become engaged as partners with government
officials and policy makers in meaningful
dialogue and problem solving? 3. How can public
policy processes help to build the capacities of
all sectors to work together for more credible
and inclusive policy making and governance?
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Public consultation Two-way communication
between public/stakeholders and a sponsor through
which both become better informed. Public
consultation provides participants with the
opportunity to influence decision making. Public
participation Processes in which individuals,
groups, and organizations have the opportunity to
participate in making decisions that affect them,
or in which they have an interest. Public policy
.Public policy is the broad framework of ideas
and values within which decisions are taken and
action, or inaction, is pursued by governments in
relation to some issue or problem. Stakeholder
One who will be affected, may be affected, or
has an interest in an issue, or may have the
ability to affect a decision or outcome. A
stakeholder may be an individual, an organization
or a group.
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3. PUBLIC POLICY DEVELOPMENT This section
provides the foundation for an understanding of
public policy . its context, origins, purpose and
forms, the people involved, and the process
through which public policy is developed. In
describing the purpose of public policy, we look
at a variety of definitions and consider the
origins and types of public policy and the key
factors and considerations in policy development.
We then look at how public policy is developed
and outline a comprehensive process. We conclude
by discussing several often-neglected areas that
represent emerging views on essential aspects of
policy development . implementation, alignment,
and transfer.
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DEFINITION OF PUBLIC POLICY There are numerous
definitions of public policy. Following are some
examples Whatever governments choose to do or
not to do.. (Dye, 1972, p. 18) . A proposed
course of action of a person, group or government
within a given environment providing obstacles
and opportunities which the policy was proposed
to utilize and overcome in an effort to reach a
goal or realize an objective or purpose..
(Frederich, 1963, p. 79) A broad guide to
present and future decisions, selected in light
of given conditions from a number of
alternatives the actual decision or set of
decisions designed to carry out the chosen course
of actions a projected program consisting of
desired objectives (goals) and the means of
achieving them.. (Daneke and Steiss,
1978) Commitment to a course or plan of action
agreed to by a group of people with the power
to carry it out.. (Dodd et al., nd, p. 2) .A plan
of action agreed to by a group of people with the
power to carry it out and enforce it. (Capacity
Building, p. 1) In this workbook we use the
definition suggested by Stephen Brooks .Public
policy is the broad framework of ideas and values
within which decisions are taken and action, or
inaction, is pursued by governments in relation
to some issue or problem.. (Brooks, 1989, p. 16)
Briefly stated, public policy is a choice or
decision made by government that guides
subsequent actions in similar circumstances.
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Individuals have policies .I do not pick up
hitchhikers. ... interest .gt personal safety .I
always shop locally. ... value .gt support one.s
own community Families have policies .We always
say grace before eating supper. ... value .gt
spirituality .We limit telephone calls to 10
minutes. ... value .gt respect for the needs of
others Organizations have policies Personnel
policies (hiring, vacation leave, salary levels,
office size, etc.) Operational policies (shift
scheduling, client complaints, inventory control,
etc.) Governments have policies Government
policies, also known as public policies, guide
decisions and actions that relate to society as a
whole. Public policies are developed by federal,
provincial, territorial, and municipal levels of
government. Take five minutes to think of one or
more policies in each of the following
categories
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Obstacles with the iron triangles

• Lack of homogeneity in the system
• Interest groups/ industry groups rarely agree
  completely about regulatory policy
• Interest groups other than industries groups
  actively participate on regulatory subsystem
• subsystems are often divided among different
  subcommittees each with different policy
  objectives

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2 variables within regulatory agencies

• Goals
• - policy goals
• - other goals
• Resources
• Expertise
• Cohesion
• Legislature authority
• Political salience
• Leadership

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Core Values and Beliefs in American System

• Fundamental Beliefs
• Truth Citizens can legitimately demand that
  truth-telling as refraining from Iying and full
  disclosure by government be the rule, since trust
  in the veracity of government constitutes an
  essential element of the bond between governors
  and governed.
• Popular Sovereignty The citizenry is collectively
  the sovereign of the state and holds ultimate
  authority over public officials and their
  policies.
• Patriotism Virtuous citizens display a devotion
  to their country, including devotion to the
  fundamental values and principles upon which it
  depends.

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Core Values and Beliefs in American System

• Constitutional principles.
• Checks and Balances The powers given to the
  different branches of government should be
  balanced, that is roughly equal, so that no
  branch can completely dominate the others.
  Branches of government are also given powers to
  check the power of other branches.
• Individual Rights Fundamental to American
  constitutional democracy is the belief that
  individuals have certain basic rights that are
  not created by government but which government
  should protect. These are the right to life,
  liberty, economic freedom, and the "pursuit of
  happiness." It is the purpose of government to
  protect these rights, and it may not place unfair
  or unreasonable restraints on their exercise.
  Many of these rights are enumerated in the Bill
  of Rights.

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Core Values and Beliefs in System

• Constitutional Principles
• Limited Government The powers of government may
  not be used to restrict fundamental freedoms
  including life, liberty, and property.
• Freedom of Religion There shall be full freedom
  of conscience for people of all faiths or none.
  Religious liberty is considered to be a natural
  inalienable right that must always be beyond the
  power of the state to confer or remove. Religious
  liberty includes the right to freely practice any
  religion or no religion without governmental
  coercion or control.

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Thank you for listening